Business Communication in Toyota Essay

1. Introduction In Toyota Motors Corporation there are several communication methods by which employees share their ideas, information, opinions and feelings. The following are some of the methods of internal communication: news-letter, face to face, notice board, memo, e-mail, telephone, text messages, and instant messaging. The sharing ideas, information, opinions and feelings contribute to the operations of teams and the work of individuals within the corporation. I will suggest about four methods of two-way internal communication. 2. Vertical Communications Vertical Communication is the communication between those who are on different levels of authority within the company. For example, manager to employee, general manager to managers, foreman to machine operator, head of the department to cashiers, etc. Vertical communications occurs between hierarchically positioned people and can involve both downward and upward communication flows. i. Downward Vertical Communication Downward Communication is more prevalent than upward communication. Downward Communication flows from supervisor to employee, from policy makers to operating personal, or from top to bottom on the organization chart. As messages move downward through successive levels of the organization, they seem to get larger. If top managers communicate directly with immediate supervisors and immediate supervisors communicate with their staff. A simple policy statement from the top of the organization may grow into a formal plan for operation at lower levels. Their decisions taken at the top of an organization are broadly stated policies in line with organization. Downward communication is used by the managers for providing a complete understanding of the employees’ job as well as to communicate them how their jobs are related to other jobs in the organization. ii. Upward Vertical Communication Upward communication generally is feedback to downward communication. Although necessary and valuable, upward communication contains risk. When management requests information from lower organization levels, the resulting information becomes feedback to that request. Employees talk to supervisors about methods of doing it, and their discernment of the  organization. Upward communication leads to a more committed and loyal workforce in an organization because the employees are given a chance to raise and speak dissatisfaction issues to the higher levels. The manager get to know about the employees’ feelings toward their jobs, peers, supervisor and organization in general. Managers can according to take the actions for improving things. These comments are feedback to the downward flow transferred in both spoken and written form by group meetings, procedures, company news releases, and grapevine. It is used to communicate links with down levels of employees and communicate with the staff in a sown level of their seniors. 3. Horizontal/Lateral Communications Horizontal Communications are messages sent between staff on the same level of the organization hierarchy. It indicates the exchange of information between individuals in different departments or divisions within the same organization. Often, it occurs in staff relationships. There are two kinds of communication in horizontal communication. They are direct horizontal communication and indirect horizontal communication. v. Direct Horizontal Communication This indicates the exchanges of information between individuals of similar position in different departments. Such as in Toyota Car Company, a middle management from department 1 to direct communicates to another middle management from department 2. It is between similar position direct communications. This type of communication ensures coordination of activities and increases cooperation between managers and similar organization. Managers are having little understanding of the objectives or other problems such as production and marking. For example; they may be form conflict because of their different objectives and ideas. Hence, the vital importance of planning/control meetings, establishment and discussion of corporate plans and budgetary control for the whole organization. vi. Indirect Horizontal Communication This indicate communication between each level of department and different level of another department. Such as a middle management in department 1  communicates to other foreman supervisors in department 2. For example; in Toyota Car Company, the leader in department is indirect other department of manager. It is used to communicate with the staff relationships. And then we can also prepare direct and indirect plan to meet the staff.  But we will notice that a number of staff seen to have problems in understanding the message about the lack of bonuses. At that time, we will solve these problems. So, we need to communication to answer for the questions. We will need important communication. They are non-verbal communication, meta-communication and paralanguage. 4. Non-verbal communication Non-verbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Non-verbal communications include facial expressions, the tone of the voice, gestures displayed through body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, sense of touch, sense of smell and body motions, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and info graphics. Other mean, in the process of communication is talking without speaking a word. These non-verbal signals can give clues and additional information and meaning over and verbal communication. Define or reinforce the relationship between people and provide feedback to the other person. For example, nodding and shaking are also important techniques when listening to the other person speaks. It shows that to use nodding and shaking can presented you are listening and you can understand what the speaker is talking anything. 5. Meta-communications Meta-communications is a good special form of the communication that indicates how verbal information should be understood and interpreted. I think that it being using in surrounding. It concerns stimuli surrounding the verbal communication that also have meaning. It may be supportive and facial expression. For Example, we often used (x) in mathematics. It represents unknown number. It functions as a formal definition of the function of meta-communication in the communication. 6. Paralanguage Paralanguage may be expressed consciously or unconsciously, and includes the pitch, volume and in some cases, intonation of speech. The study known as paralinguistic. Paralinguistic is a long word and use for the noises people. In school, teacher is often using this to show the agreement – â€Å"uh-huh†, â€Å"mm†, â€Å"uh-oh†, â€Å"oh† and so on. They are often useful. For example; like smiling. We will explain about the important main of communication. And decision which may prevent the staff from understanding the information about the lack of bonuses. There are three main barriers to communication. * Emotional Interference- An emotional individual may not be able to communicate well. If someone is angry, hostile, resentful, joyful, or fearful, that person may be too preoccupied with emotions to receive the intended message. If you don’t like someone, for example, you may have trouble â€Å"hearing† them. * Conflicting Messages- Messages that cause a conflict in perception for the receiver may result in incomplete communication. For example, of a person constantly uses jargon or slang to communicate with someone from another country who has never heard such expressions, mixed messages are sure to result. Another example of conflicting messages might be if a supervisor requests a report immediately without giving the report writer enough time to gather the pro per information. * No Provision for Feedback- Since communication is two way process, the sender must search for a means of getting a response from the receiver. If a team leader does not permit any interruption nor questions while discussing projects, he may find that team members may not completely understand what they are to do. Face-to-face oral communication is considered the best type of communication since feedback can be both verbal and nonverbal. When two communicators are separated, care must be taken to ask for meaningful feedback. We should prepare the interviews about concerned that staff have become de-motivated by the decision to discontinue bonuses and by the success of Toyota competitors. We should prepare meeting the staff and employee. An interview is only effective if it is thoroughly prepare the necessary information plane. We make sure that we have all the  necessary data. We need to prepare the files and all the relevant matter. And then we also need to explain the staff why we will to de-motivate by the decision to discontinue bonuses. We prefer need make matters notes which are particularly important to say. We knew that in the interview, the staff will ask any specific questions. So, we require making answer to answer the questions. And other then, we should plan a time for meeting with the staff. And also need to interview one to one. So, we need to decisions or action for the meeting. 7. Four different types of questions And then in the interview, there are form four different types of question. They are closed questions, open questions, follow-up questions and leading questions. Closed questions are those which have only a very limited range of responses, often only say â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no†. Closed question should not always be thought of as simple questions that anyone can quickly answer merely because they require a yes or no answer. Closed questions can also be very complicated. For example, â€Å"Is one in binary equal to one in counting numbers?† is a closed question that not everyone would be able to quickly answer. Other example, asking someone if they have done something invites just those two alternatives Open questions are ones that require more than one word answers. The answers could come in the form of a list, a few sentences or something longer such as a speech, paragraph or essay. Open questions invite a more developed response, often involving the speaker’s opinions or feelings as well more information or evidence in support of an argument. For example, how do we fell to which employee? How do we improve for our Toyota Car Company? These types of question tend to close down opportunities for discussion. They should be used sparingly, if at all. They can be useful, though, for determining the other person’s position on an issue as a prelude to follow-up question which does open-up the discussion. We should also need to understand leading questions. These are questions which in their wording or their tone, suggest a particular answer and, again  they do little to take the communication forward. In fact, they are usually inviting conformation of the questioner’s position, rather than opening up the discussion. 8. Group Conflicts In Toyota Car Company, we have to explain many problems. We have taken notice from employee’s feedback that some employees are worry about the potential 35,000 redundancies worldwide which Toyota Car Company are planning to undertake in the next few years. So, this is also form group conflicts in the workforce currently. In the shop floor level of organization, there appears to be group conflicts. It forms in intergroup, departments. The group members are often necessary to complete the work required to operate a business. Sometime, groups inter-relate to accomplish the organization’s goals and objectives, and conflict can occur. At the time, we will form concern between the staff. It occur group conflicts in the workforce currently may be work interdependence, goal variances and the increased demand for specialists. Differences in perceptions among groups regarding time and statues, when coupled with different goals, can also create conflict. For examples, the group to produce the new design of Toyota Car, but members is different idea design to produce car. It will appear to be conflicts in the group. Boss have taken notice from employee’s feedback that some employees are worried about the potential 35,000 redundancies worldwide which Toyota are planning to undertake in the next few years. This is also having a negative impact on working with teams. There are some reasons to causes the group conflicts. We make plan for the group conflicts to organize and plan the redundancy process. We will write answers to retrench some staff and remove bonuses for thousands of senior employees as it tries to regain investor confidence and stopping bonuses are the latest steps in an extensive cost cutting drive that will lead the company to cut 35,000 jobs worldwide in the next five years in the face of a competitive car market. Confirmation of the bonus decision is expected this month when Toyota unveils its full results the company make record losses. Toyota traditionally pays bonuses in March to all senior staff members worldwide. Due to the changes in economic performance, staffs were not given any bonus payments last year. When Toyota  Car Company grew much larger than began, corporate evolution meant an increase in office space, include the technology. Advances in technology have many new methods of communication to communicate with employee, suppliers. 9. Intranet for employee communication We need to use intranet communication to communicate with employee. This communication links with our company employees connections. For example; in Toyota Car Company, manager should be discuss with employee for to produce new communication. As a group, need to communication links with the down levels of employees. For example; in a group, our received a new order from customer, we are discuss with employee (intranet communication) to produce it new order. So, intranet communication need to communicate with employee. Intranet communication helps to improve communication with employee. It support links with customers and partners. Employees can view up to date information about the company and changes being made. 10. Extranet for communication with Ford’s suppliers This communication links with both their input and output connections. For example, our Toyota Car Company will have communications with our suppliers of raw materials and spare parts and with all of our customers. As our organization grow, the number of communication links with the outside environment increases. It is important that the extranet communication should be integrated with the internal communication. For examples, our received an order from a supplier (external communication) has to be processed and executed within the organization (internal communication) and then the documents of sales, plans and invoice have to be sent to the customer (external communication). So, external communication is preferred need that communicates with suppliers and customers. Extranet communication helps in improve company efficiency and output by automating procedures that were done manually in the past. They can help in improving relationships with main or potential suppliers by giving them correct, precise and efficient information. This helps in cutting down the meetings time and is also helpful when doing our business having with partners located in different countries and in different time zones. 11. Email for sending press releases to the national press This email with the development of electronic office communication based on computers, the ability to send and receive messages. We are using internal email to send to national press for to develop to know that many different kinds of Toyota car. As use email, we will easy to link with our customers and suppliers. Email communication has many advantages such as emails it the most wide used application on the internal. Email communication has many advantages such as email is the most wide used application on the internet. It can easy to get embarrassing comments. Email communication is effective to business. It is easy to distribute information such as many kinds of car designs. And then the person can also order news car from passing email. So, we also need email to send press releases and send national press. The organization charts are also need to show for business. Organization charts is very important to an organization. An organizational structure should enable the organization to change or to respond according to its environment. If it is very effective it is called a flexible structure. Mainly there are two types of structure. They are organic structure and mechanistic structure. It has few rules and regulations, encourages employee teamwork, and decentralizes decision making to employees doing the job. The Business Development Manager mention the percentage of sales from each regional sales office in North America are 15%, 22%, 18%, 28%, 7%, 10% . The total of this graph shows the total Toyota Sales for 2007. | Advantages| Disadvantages| Pie chart| They are visually very clear and of ten uncluttered with additional information. They are also very helpful to illustrate profits as they use percentages.| They cannot use to compare that whole with another. Not use to compare one year and another year products.| Line graph| It shows specific values of data well. It reveal trends and relationships between data and compare trends in different groups of a variable. It can clearly show error values in the data. It usually simple to read and understand. It can also give you a nice visual representation of a function or equation.| Line graph are confuse in business. It can only be used to  show data over time. You can change the way the data of a line graph appears, by not using consistent scales on the axis. Labeling trends to convolute graphs, difficult to discern exact values for data.| Table| It is easy to read and easy to compare the different types of production of years. It has exact numbers no points on a graph.| It d oes not click with the more visually-oriented audience.| Now know that Boss has needed a check-list and need to prepare a kind of check-list let him know how we prepare that case. Following is a sample check-list when we go to travel and then will explain how to improve the visual communication with new technology. References: Downward Communication, Upward Communication, Horizontal Communication. Available on (27/6/2013) Group Conflict, Available on Bilugan, Renory L., 29.May.2011 Available on (27/6/2013) Types of Non-Verbal Communication. Available on (27/6/2013) Understanding Conflict – Meaning and Phases of Conflict. Available on (27/6/2013) Sam, Alexander and eHow Contributor, Advantages & Disadvantages of a Pie Chart. Available on (25/6/2013) Barriers to Effective Communication, Available on (25/6/2013)

Psychological Effects of Alcoholism Essay

Alcohol is a well known substance that has been present ever since. It provides a variety of functions for different people from the earliest times until today. In the past, alcoholic beverages were served not only as thirst quencher; it also played a significant role in the aspect of religion (Watson). Alcohol connotes pleasure and sociability through the enhancement of the quality of life. Most alcoholic beverages are well represented in wine, beer, and spirits. They have been accounted for numerous positive and negative effects upon consumption (Watson). While alcohol has been proven to be beneficial if taken moderately, its misuse may lead to alcoholism. Alcoholism is one of the prevailing social problems of today. Alcoholism is noted to be a chronic disease wherein the body becomes dependent on alcohol. It is characterized with alcohol obsession, and the person with alcoholism is unable to control the amount of alcohol being taken. Alcoholism can cause serious problems and may affect a person’s relationship, health, finances, and work (â€Å"Alcoholism†). The physical effects of alcoholism are evidently well recorded. It is a general knowledge that the abuse of alcohol may lead to serious problems, most especially the abrupt deterioration of human health and its detrimental impact on the internal organs. Thus, most people often associate the impact of alcoholism on the physical health. However, what is less considered are its psychological effects that are much more damaging and equally painful to the physical effects that the alcoholic person is aware of (Briggs). It was found out that alcohol consumption and mental health are closely affiliated in numerous ways. Based from the summary presented by the institute of alcohol studies, â€Å"mental health problems can result [in] excessive drinking, but that problem drinking can lead to mental health problems† (Tolevanen et al. qtd. in Cattan and Tilford 142). Aside from this, it was suggested that external factors are major contributors to mental health and alcohol problems. These external factors include genes, social and family environment, psychological and culture influence, the perception about the impact of alcohol, and the level of acceptance for alcohol consumption (Tolevanen et al. td. in Cattan and Tilford 142) Moreover, the influence of the expectancies of alcohol greatly affects how people drink. Take for example the young and middle-aged adults. Since the said group of people has a positive perception on the effects of alcohol consumption, they tend to consume more alcohol. It was concluded that people who use alcohol consumption as a coping strategy perceive the effects of alcohol to be positive, and that alcohol reduces the repercussions of factors that induce stress (Satre and Knight qtd. n Cattan and Tilford 142). Hence, although there were evidences that alcohol consumption may have positive psychological effects, it is still apparent that the negative impact of alcohol on human psychology overshadows its positive effects. Depression, Anxiety, and Suicide Since alcoholic beverages are depressants, by the time they begin circulating within an individual’s system, they decrease the activity carried out by the nervous system to the brain (Naq). Thus, it was noted that depression may be the cause or aftermath of alcoholism. Some studies suggest that the effects of alcohol have two phases, the initial of which is that it produces a feeling of euphoria which is then generated to depression by the time the alcohol level in the blood has gone down (Institute of Alcohol Studies [IAS] 6). It was also stated that, when an individual consumes an amount of alcohol that is more than the body’s capacity, it would result in stress. In the spur of the moment, a series of psychological manifestations of stress can be observed through anxiety. Certain conditions, such as restlessness, nightmares, and overwhelming fear, are some of the anxieties felt or experienced by an alcoholic (Naq). Dependence in alcohol also results in heightened emotions. Most alcoholics are in a high risk of depression and anxiety, creating a strong link between suicide and alcoholism (IAS 6). Aggression and Violence Many researchers have proven the link between alcoholism and aggression. It was believed that the excessive consumption of alcohol does not only promote aggressive behaviors, but it may also lead to victimization. Alcohol disrupts the normal functions of the brain. Thus, alcohol encourages aggressive behavior and violence. Violence is within the category of aggression, which is characterized by behaviors that are often threatening and hostile. The percentages of alcohol related violence are alerting, and the figures are still raised in the upper limits (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services). According to Bancroft, the consumption of alcohol allows offenders to act on what they desire (47). Because of this, offenders become more insulting and intimidating. Most often than not, perpetrators deny the activity and use alcohol as an excuse. Courts sometimes condone perpetrators who blame the committed crime to drinking problems (Bancroft 48). Obsession Alcoholics are identified as intense and obsessed people (Zimberg 4). Once a person becomes dependent to alcohol, obsession with drinking is the likely result. For an alcoholic, there is no difference between a large and small amount of alcohol. Because of alcohol dependence, a person loses interest with other activities except to get the next drink (Naq). Memory loss  An alcoholic is more likely to experience periods where one cannot remember a thing, otherwise known as ‘blackouts’. It is important to take into consideration that alcohol abuse may result in memory loss, which in turn, may be psychologically damaging and self destructive at great levels (Briggs). Apart from this, the dependence in alcohol has a great association with brain damage and cognitive impairment which may lead to an advance stage known as alcoholic dementia. When such advance case of memory loss is combined with amnesia, the intellectual function of the brain is then lost (IAS 16). Socio-Psychological Effects of Alcoholism The socio-psychological effects of alcoholism may be short term or long term. One of the most prominent short term socio psychological effects of alcoholism is ‘disinhibition’. This is well manifested when an individual lacks self regulation and control which leads to numerous anti-social behaviors. Furthermore, alcohol has the capability to repress a person’s ability to respond to emotions and decrease inhibitions which, in the end, may cause the alcoholic to exhibit risky behaviors (Curtin et al. qtd. in â€Å"Short-term and Longer-term Effects†). Disinhibition also may result in activities that greatly affect the society such as crime and violence. For instance, in Australia, where alcohol is deeply embedded in the culture, out of 70% of crimes committed, 41% were done under the influence of alcohol (National Health and Medical Research qtd. in â€Å"Short-term and Longer-term Effects†). Long term socio-psychological impact of alcoholism is apparent in a family. Alcoholism is recognized as a â€Å"family disease. † In a family, the alcoholic may be a father, mother, teenager, and other close relative. Alcohol dependence of one member of the family may lead to family disruption and may put the whole family at risk that may last for a very long time. In a recent study done by the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and SAMHSA’s (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration) National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information, the numbers of American adults who have been vulnerable to alcoholism reached up to seventy six million (Parsons). Most family problems are blamed to alcoholism (Parsons). Family members take on different characteristics as a way of adapting to the situation. In the case of the family’s child or children, various attitudes may be noticed: (1) Family hero is a way by which a child acts on the responsibilities, exhibiting obsessive perfectionism and doing things that are â€Å"too good to be true;† (2) Scapegoat, wherein misbehavior and delinquency is a form of escape to the situation; (3) Lost child is characterized with passiveness and isolation from others to withdraw from the situation; and (4) Mascot, by making fun of the situation through comic relief (Donatelle and Davis qtd. n â€Å"Short-term and Longer-term Effects†). In the case of the spouse of the alcoholic, the spouse has to take on the status of both parents. This may cause the spouse to develop feelings of hatred, self-pity, and anti-social behavior. The spouse is also likely to become extremely exhausted, leading to physical and mental illness. Moreover, the non-alcoholic parent has the tendency to neglect the children (Berger qtd. in Parsons). The effects of alcoholism are not limited to the physical aspect. It is evident that it has adverse psychological effects that do not only affect the alcoholic individual, but extend to the society where the alcoholic belongs. Furthermore, based from the results that were framed from the study, it is suggested that comprehensive analysis on the psychological effect of alcoholism according to gender should be done so as to give further justification on the subject.

A History of Greek Festivals

In the Archaic Period four major festivals were established which brought together Greeks from across the known universe to vie in athletic and later on musical competitions. The first was the Olympic Games which has a traditional foundation day of the month of 776 BC. This was followed by three more in speedy sequence in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC. Together these festivals made up the ‘periodos’ [ 1 ] which was extremely important in furthering the dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points and between Greeks and non-Greeks. The competition between those take parting and the city states they were stand foring is an illustration of how those Pan-hellenic dealingss were developing. Other countries are how the direction of each of the festivals and who really attended these ‘Panhellenic’ festivals. The honor and glorification gained by the masters in each of the four Games was so great that the lone stuff awards straight received from the organizers were Crowns of assorted workss sacred to the Gods that the festivals were dedicated to. [ 2 ] This led to the term ‘periodonikes’ being created which was given to the jocks that had won competitions at all four Games and were considered to be the greatest jocks for this accomplishment. [ 3 ] This could propose that the competition between the jocks would be so ferocious that tensenesss would be created in dealingss between persons in add-on to the city states that they were stand foring. On the other manus it is deserving observing that Olympic masters were non above the jurisprudence in their place province as can be shown in the narrative of Philippos of Croton who was exiled after he became betrothed to a adult female from Sybaris even though he had been winning at the Olympic Games. [ 4 ] The memorials that were bui lt by the city states shows the committedness they had to guaranting the remainder of the Greek universe could retrieve their triumphs for many old ages to come. Not merely were the memorials dedicated to athletic triumphs but the sanctuaries where the four Panhellenic Games were held besides contained memorials honoring military triumphs over other city states. [ 5 ] This suggests the metropoliss were non interested in whether their oppositions were offended and hence strains in the dealingss between them due to the struggles the memorials were mentioning to would go on. Shortly after the creative activity of the four Panhellenic festivals in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC Athens began reorganizing their Panathenaia festival in order for it to include athletic tourneies in add-on to the musical and ecstatic competitions that had been held at that place. [ 6 ] Consequently the Panathenaic festival became more important within the athletic universe yet it was ne'er regarded every bit extremely as the four Panhellenic festivals that made up the ‘periodos’ which can be seen through the usage of expensive stuff awards [ 7 ] as opposed to the Crown prizes masters took off at the Olympic, Pythian, Isthmian and Nemean Games. This suggests the jocks would hold a focal point of winning the awards alternatively of the honor they received through their triumphs. Consequently, the city states they represented would hold had less of an involvement in whether they won if the glorification of triumph was less than that in ‘periodos’ triumphs and therefore dealingss between different city states would hold been more likely to be unchanged. The lone city state to truly profit from the revitalised Panathenaic festival would hold been Athens as they had the chance to advance their metropolis to visitants from beyond Attica yet it has been suggested that the Panathenaia was ne'er supposed to be Panhellenic and was alternatively supposed to back Athenian national pride which is why dealingss between Greeks remained unchanged. [ 8 ] The last race to be added to the programme of events at the Olympic Games in approximately 520 BC was the ‘hoplitodromos’ which involved jocks running in full armor. This peculiar race besides featured in the other Panhellenic Games which suggests the importance of such a race. Pausanias suggests the race could hold been designed to advance military preparation as contending wars was common in the Archaic Period and the menace of struggle with Iranian forces was increasing. [ 9 ] This ‘military training’ could hold besides been a manner for the city states to expose their military art and hence derive farther glorification from a military facet in add-on to the athletic facet. However Philostratus suggests as it was the last race of the competition that it symbolised the return to a militant nature after the ‘peaceful’ armistices that were established for the continuance of each of the Panhellenic festivals. [ 10 ] The armistices referred to above were designed to advance peace amongst the city states of Greece as it prohibited ground forcess to come in the countries around the sanctuaries where the festivals were held and ensured the safe transition of those go toing the festivals. [ 11 ] However as it may hold ensured peaceable dealingss for city states such as Elis it did non forestall wars from taking topographic point outside of these parts. However holding a armistice in topographic point meant people from all over the Grecian universe and beyond could garner in one topographic point and set up peaceable dealingss with others every bit good as keep them. As minister plenipotentiaries were sent out from the city states where the festivals were held in the months taking up to each of the Games to denote the beginning of them this was a method of advancing the Games whilst at the same clip advertising the city-states themselves and networking with the remainder of Greece as representatives f rom each metropolis would be chosen to have the minister plenipotentiary. [ 12 ] Harmonizing to Pausanias Pisa originally had control over the metropolis of Olympia and hence would hold governed the Olympic Games. However their â€Å"hostility† towards the Eleians caused a war which saw Elis conquer Pisa and claim the site of Olympia as theirs. [ 13 ] This combat over the ‘Panhellenic’ sanctuaries suggests metropoliss would be prepared to pay a war if it resulted in them having the honor that must hold come with bring forthing the most esteemed Games in this period. The existent disposal of the Olympic Games by the city state of Elis was by and large considered to be without prejudice. [ 14 ] The Judgess were Eleian and chosen by Elis and as a consequence it did pull some unfavorable judgment from foreigners such as Herodotus who describes the narrative of when citizens of Elis visit Egypt to inquire them their sentiment on whether the Games were being administered reasonably to which they reply they are non because Eleians themselves could co me in the competitions and therefore they would non be judged reasonably against people from different topographic points. [ 15 ] This suggests Herodotus is belittling the unity of those judging the competitions who had even named themselves as ‘Hellanodikai’ which means ‘judges of the Greeks’ . [ 16 ] It is possible that many other Greeks had this position and so it would hold the possible to make tensenesss within dealingss between those pull offing the festival and the foreigners who were take parting in it. However they may be some truth to these positions as Thomas Heine Nielsen states that Elis was the most successful province to vie in the Olympics with the bulk of triumphs in the boy’s competitions and the equestrian events although you would anticipate more entrants from Elis into these tourneies as they were closest to the Olympic sanctuary. [ 17 ] The history of the locations of the four Panhellenic festivals was important in pulling Greeks from afar as the city states that were bring forthing these Games relied on the fabulous importance of the sites. In add-on to holding sanctuaries dedicated to a major God and world-renowned prophets in topographic points like Delphi these city states managed to utilize outstanding fabulous figures such as Heracles as a method of advancing their festivals. At Olympia Heracles was traditionally the laminitis of the Olympic Games and his undertaking of get the better ofing the Nemean king of beasts was used for the Nemean Games. In Delphi it was thought that there was a battle between him and Apollo over a tripod which surface in the early 6Thursdaycentury BC. [ 18 ] Furthermore, the Isthmian Games were held in honor of Poseidon and as a consequence the Equus caballus races were the most of import portion of the festival at that place. [ 19 ] This mixture of major Gods and heroes from mytholo gy ensured the success of the Panhellenic festivals in add-on to developing the construct of Panhellenism as people from across the Grecian universe would hold identified with these myths which suggests dealingss between them would hold improved. Relationss besides had the possible to be fostered through the construction of the Pythian Games as forfeits and banquets were the lone events on the first two yearss of the five-day festival. This gave rivals and witnesss alike the â€Å"opportunity to socialize and advance sentiments of harmoniousness and community.† [ 20 ] An confederation of city states known as the Amphictyonic League were responsible for puting up the Pythian Games and the readyings for them every four old ages after they had been winning in the First Sacred War. [ 21 ] This is an illustration of Greeks from different topographic points working together and their desire to prolong the dealingss created by their engagement in the war. Producing a festival would hold besides promoted peace and community values which is shown by the Pythian armistice established during each festival. A important historical figure associated with taking the reorganization of the Pythian Games after the First Sacred War was the tyrant Cleisthenes of Sicyon. McGregor besides believes that Cleisthenes of Sicyon was linked with the other Panhellenic festivals every bit good. The narrative of Cleisthenes and his daughter’s suers at Olympia maintains the thought that the Olympic Games were truly a universe phase for powerful leaders to acquire their vo ices heard. However Cleisthenes seemingly favoured the suers from Eretria and its Alliess as they were Ionians and he was traditionally thought to be anti-Dorian. [ 22 ] This suggests divisions amongst those viing could be formed as a consequence of cultural differences and that dealingss could go labored between Greeks from different topographic points as a effect. Furthermore, there is a possibility that the Nemean Games were established by the less dominant city state of Cleonae in concurrence with Argos in resistance to Cleisthenes of Sicyon after Cleonae had secured their freedom from Sicyon. [ 23 ] If this is true so it is farther grounds of the Panhellenic Games being used to do tenseness between city states. On the topic of who was really allowed to vie in the four Panhellenic Games it seemed to be originally sole to the nobility and the wealthy as the funerary games in honor of Patroclus in the Iliad show blue Greeks from many different topographic points compete in the chariot race which was the chief event. Chariot races were preponderantly for the wealthiest as Equus caballuss were expensive and hard to develop which meant they could expose their wealth whilst set uping dealingss with Greeks from different topographic points. [ 24 ] On the other manus this suggests that the poorest in society would non hold competed in the Panhellenic festivals such as the Isthmian Games where the equestrian events were considered to be the most esteemed and so if they did take part it would be in inferior events where they could non derive as much glorification. The suggestion that poorer persons would non vie in the major four Panhellenic festivals is evidenced by the point that they would non hold had the clip for athletic preparation [ 25 ] or to go to the four sanctuaries where each of the four Games were held if they lived a long distance off. Furthermore there were local festivals and games they could hold competed in which would hold been much more practical [ 26 ] but if this was the instance for most Greeks so at that place would hold been less of a fosterage of dealingss between people from different topographic points if they were merely interacting with others from the same community. However by the 6Thursdaycentury BC other events were added to the Panhellenic Games which meant the poorer in society could take part [ 27 ] as they were athleticss that were practiced throughout the whole of the Grecian universe. [ 28 ] This implies that the festivals became more Pan-hellenic as more people from different topographic points would be more likely to come in the competitions. Bury suggests that autocrats were the cause for this alteration as they wanted to defend the common people in order to win their support. [ 29 ] However if this ground is true so Panhellenism would merely be a side-effect of the autocrats desiring to derive more power and keep their reign. In add-on to this the autocrats could besides be a beginning of tenseness within dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points as is shown from the illustration of Cleisthenes of Sicyon trying to put up his ain Pythian Games in Sicyon after the autumn of dictatorship in Corinth meant they had more i nfluence in Delphi. [ 30 ] Relations between Corinth and Elis were besides strained in this period because of Olympia’s refusal to wipe out the names of the Cypselidae from some offerings which resulted in no Eleians being allowed to vie in the Isthmian Games and hence they were non able to derive the extremely esteemed ‘periodonikes’ rubric that athletes longed for. This is an illustration of a city-state utilizing its authorization over one of the Panhellenic festivals to demo their resistance to another city state which would hold had a well negative consequence on dealingss. In contrast Pausanias suggests that it was the â€Å"curses of Moline† that kept the Eleians off from the Isthmian Games. [ 31 ] Officially all free Grecian males were permitted to vie in the Olympic Games but this meant â€Å"females, non-Greeks and slaves were excluded from direct participation.† [ 32 ] However the Judgess make up one's minding who could come in the competitions must hold been moderately flexible with the regulations as there is no record of person being refused entry on the evidences of their cultural individuality. [ 33 ] As a consequence of this many Grecian settlers from distant topographic points like Sicily and the north shore of the Black Sea came to Olympia during the Olympic festival. [ 34 ] Attending the festivals such as the Olympic Games was a immense benefit to Greek settlements as it meant they could remain in close contact with the mainland and set up connexions with other metropoliss and settlements whilst maintaining a safe distance off from the metropolis it originated from in order to keep its independency. Olympia besides acted as a impersonal land for neighboring settlements who were at war with each other whilst supplying a beginning of military preparation when jocks competed in events such as the ‘hoplitodromos’ so they could support themselves against non-Greeks and other settlements. Western Greeks were slightly influential in the running of the Olympic Games which can be seen by the add-on of two new events in the early 5Thursdaycentury BC that were popular throughout Grecian settlements in the West. [ 35 ] This suggests dealingss between the settlements in the West and the Grecian mainland were good. For the dealingss between Greeks and non-Greeks Panhellenic festivals caused divisions. One of the narratives from Herodotus shows how Alexander’s rivals tried to take him from the race by claiming that he was non genuinely Grecian. [ 36 ] Another states the response of a Iranian when he is told of the â€Å"crown of olive† that athletes compete for in the Olympic Games and he was called a â€Å"coward† by a Grecian male monarch for it. [ 37 ] This dissentious facet of the Panhellenic Games can besides be seen by the usage of nakedness when viing in the competitions as it was considered absurd for high-level males in cultural groups such as the Persians or Lydians to look bare when practising athletics. [ 38 ] These illustrations show the contrasts between the Greeks manner of thought compared to the remainder of the universe and how this was implemented at the Panhellenic festivals. Ultimately the four Panhellenic festivals that formed the ‘periodos’ were designed in a manner that promoted Greek individuality and therefore dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points were frequently fostered through the shared faith and mythology of the sanctuaries where they were held every bit good as the shared athleticss that the competitions were comprised of. Nevertheless the jocks were ferociously competitory as they were the most esteemed competitions in the Greek universe which suggests tensenesss would hold developed in dealingss between non merely the jocks themselves but besides the city states they were stand foring. Armistices were established during each of the four festivals but this did non forestall war from happening outside of the affected parts. Furthermore it was the blue and the wealthy who chiefly competed in the extremely esteemed events such as chariot racing which would hold received the most honour for winning but with autoc rats presenting more events aimed at poorer persons there was the possibility that more dealingss were being fostered between Greeks from different degrees of society. Overall, the Panhellenic festivals did much to further dealingss between Greeks from different topographic points even if it was non the primary purpose sometimes. On the other manus festivals such as the Olympic Games showed a clear divide between the Greeks and the remainder of the universe and consequently dealingss between them would hold been less developed.

Pygmalion and Metamorphoses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pygmalion and Metamorphoses - Essay Example he knows it, loves the more.†Ã‚  After that, the sculptor wished for his sculptor’s mortality from Venus, his wish was granted, and they lived happily ever after. Bernard Shaw’s play ‘Pygmalion’ is based on Ovid’s famous myth Pygmalion. Shaw’s portrayal of his protagonist Professor Higgins is very similar to that of Ovid’s Pygmalion i.e. both despised women for their vices. However, the situation changes for Professor Higgins when Eliza walks in to his life who was a common flower girl with a cockney accent. Professor Higgins takes up the challenge of transforming Eliza in to a proper society woman although unknowingly he was making Eliza exactly like his dream woman as it is also observed in the case of Pygmalion himself. In the play Higgins mother, Mrs. Higgins’s character can be interpreted as the symbolic representation of Venus in the myth because both the women characters act as a buffer in instigating the culmination of love as observed in the case of Pygmalion as well as Professor Higgins. Mrs. Higgins’s character bears similarities with the goddess because in the play she hides Eliza from the professor when he hurts her feelings and then makes him realize his mistakes. Moreover, like Venus, she was able to decipher his son’s feelings for Eliza without any confession from him and she takes it upon herself to bring the two together. Just like Venus who also grants Pygmalion’s wish for Galatea’s mortality although he does not asks for her mortality aloud but it was their in his heart. Just as Pygmalion Professor Higgins, also falls in love with Eliza while transforming her into his dream woman though he does not wants to accept it at the time. However once she leaves him he realizes his mistake and he sets himself against getting her back. Although it is observed that Shaw does not gives the play a proper ending since no details are stated about Eliza coming back yet it is perceived that they do have a happily ever after. Hence,

Nonurgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments Research Paper

Nonurgent Use of Hospital Emergency Departments - Research Paper Example This book is relevant to the current study because of its discussion of the nature and effects of nonurgent use of EDs. It also includes a comprehensive discussion of the potential solutions to the problems caused by this pattern. It suggests the construction of additional safety net hospitals, community clinics, and other sources of care as a solution to the problem of caused by nonurgent use of EDs. This book is an excellent source of strategies and policies for EDs. (2) Hodge, M. (2007). Non-urgent Emergency Department Utilization in Southwestern Virginia among Medicaid Recipients. Ann Arbor, MI: Proquest. Generally, this book is about the current American healthcare system, focusing specifically on the evolution of the EDs’ functions. The author studied the prevalence of nonurgent use of EDs among beneficiaries of Medicaid in Southwestern Virginia. The author used both qualitative and quantitative methods to study the perceptions of both the patients and the hospital staff regarding utilization of EDs for nonurgent problems. The author reported that there is a high prevalence of nonurgent use of EDs in Southwestern Virginia and that there are considerable disparity between the perception of patients and hospital staffs regarding what is ‘urgent’ and what is ‘nonurgent’. ... (3) Institute of Medicine (U.S.) Committee on the Future of Emergency Care in the United States Health System (2007). Hospital-Based Emergency Care: At the Breaking Point. Washington, DC: National Academies Press. The author focuses on the evolution of the function of hospital-based emergency. It attempts to show, through figures and statistics, the number of ED visits for urgent and nonurgent problems. Through secondary-data analysis the author is able to determine that in recent times visits to the EDs for minor injuries rather than serious health problems dramatically increased. The author argued that although EDs keep on performing their usual tasks of giving urgent medical attention, they are forced to provide additional care for patients with nonurgent health problems. The author clearly illustrates that the responsibilities of EDs are continuously expanding. This book is relevant to the current study because it includes a discussion of the problems caused by the increasing pre valence of nonurgent use of EDs such as overcrowding, limited resources, and limited capacity. The author is able to clearly show that if these problems continue the quality of American healthcare will continue to decline. (4) Jones, R. (2004). Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care, Volume 1. New York: Oxford University Press. This book is mainly for general practitioners and primary health providers. The purpose of the author is to provide a conclusive discussion of primary care practice. It involves a discussion of nonurgent use of EDs and the absence of a single definition of the term ‘nonurgent’. The approach used by author is mainly descriptive or exploratory. The author concludes that a significant decrease or total eradication

Production Challenges at Shuzworld Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Production Challenges at Shuzworld - Term Paper Example To increase production efficiency, the managers have the great responsibility of realigning operations including the production flow layout, making changes to the staffing plan, as well as other logistics such as warehousing and distribution. This memorandum looks at three key issues at the Shuzworld namely improvement of the current workflow, the introduction of a new project, and staffing plan in order to increase efficiency and output). The memorandum also looks at some short-term scheduling techniques and rules that can be used to achieve efficient movement of units through Shuzworld production systems. Re: Improvement of the Current Workflow The current workflow in the plant can be improved through the process of assembly line balancing. According to Heizer and Render (2011) in order to produce at a particular rate it is important that management is aware of the current work methods, tools and equipment that are in use. The length of time that each task requires must also so be determined. Additionally, the sequence in which each task should be performed must be identified. The precedence diagram which is shown below illustrates the precedence relationship among the tasks to be performed on the workboot assembly line, the time taken to carry out the tasks labeled A to H, and the tasks which can be done at the same time. Although the current Workboot Assembly Schedule indicates that there are eight tasks involved in the production, it is clear that tasks B and C can be performed simultaneously to save time. The same logic applies to tasks E and F such that performing these tasks simultaneously with further save the time spent on production. The restructuring of the production process in order to allow processing of multiple tasks can lead to reduced production time. Using this logic, 3 minutes will be saved between tasks A and D and the same amount of time saved between D and G. Therefore, the total amount of time saved after restructuring will be 6 minutes . Task C takes 3 minutes but when performed simultaneously with C (8 minutes), it will take 8 minutes to complete both tasks. Similarly, it will take 4 minutes to complete both tasks E and F thereby saving 3 more minutes. Therefore, the total time taken for production of Workboot will be reduced to 40 minutes. The correct number of workstations can be found after making a determination of the cycle time. The calculations are as follows: Cycle time = Production time available/units required = (8hrs/day* 60mins per hr)/48 units per day = 480/48 = 10mins/cycle The cycle time of 10 minutes can then be used to determine the minimum number of workstations as follows: Minimum number of work stations = Total task time (?ti)/cycle time = 46/10 = 4.6 or 5 stations The information suggests that the minimum number of work stations required is 5. However, the cycle time is 10 minutes and so only tasks that can be done in 10 minutes or less can be performed at the same work station. This means th at Task A takes 10 minutes and will be done at one workstation; Task B and C can be done together in a total of 9 minutes at another workstation; Tasks D takes 8 minutes and can be done at another workstation; Tasks E, F and G takes a total of 10 minutes and can be done one workstation while Task H takes 9 minutes and will therefore be performed at another workstation. Therefore, a total of 5 workstations are required. The layout would therefore appear as follows: The most following tasks heuristic were used to assign jobs to

Poem analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Poem analysis - Assignment Example She is a beautiful young woman, but instead of pursuing her dreams, she is dancing and singing as a prostitute. The use of race suggests that her skin color has affected her access to social and economic opportunities. Hughes also connects race to suffering. He mentions that the pianist has â€Å"his ebony hands on each ivory key,† (9), followed by â€Å"[h]e made that poor piano moan with melody† (10). The nearness of these statements implies that the man’s race has something to do with his suffering. He could be experiencing distress because his music cannot have a bigger audience due to his race. He could also be witnessing racism daily that burdens his soul. Besides racial descriptions, these poems have similes that relate to suffering. McKay uses a simile to compare the prostitute’s voice to â€Å"blended flutes† (3). Blended flutes demonstrate the beauty of the woman’s form that is compared to a flute, and the melody of her song that is similar to flute music that can be understood by many people. This simile is important in contrasting the form with the essence of the music, which is no longer blended, but full of pain and sadness. Hughes also uses simile to show that suffering can be performed. If the prostitute can sing and dance and appear like she is in another place, the pianist in Hughes’ poem can also perform, this time with a piano, while he is singing. Hughes says: â€Å"He played that sad raggy tune like a musical fool† (13). The pianist looks like a musical fool, but at least, he has music to express his sadness that is deep in his soul. He uses music to unload the burdens of his race. Apart from similes, these poems use musical metaphors to describe how music helps express and reduce people’s innermost anxieties. The prostitute of â€Å"The Harlem Dancer† feels like an object that is consumed because her performance is paid through â€Å"coins† and because her

Marketing Foundations and Applications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Foundations and Applications - Essay Example New product development often entails modifying an existing product or creating totally different offerings to satisfy a current need. In these product developments, business organizations may encounter hardships in identifying features which adds value to the customer. There are cases when current products cannot be enhanced because of shortage of ideas that can improve the offering. A good example of detergent soaps. Companies may be hindered in developing new detergent products which can boost the satisfaction of customer in this particular product. Next, product development can be unlikely because the business organization is operating in a fragmented market which implies that they need to aim their new products at smaller market segments thereby generating only meager profits and revenues. When developing new products, companies should take into account all of its current market and not just a segment of it. If not, the new product developed will completely change the positioning of the business organization in the industry and may also discourage their current customers in purchasing the new product. With the increasing clamor for being socially responsible, companies are often under the scrutiny and regulations of social organizations and the government. New product development can be critised because of the hazard that these products can bring to the consuming public. An example of this is the growing concern for obesity in the global arena which forces business organizations to modify their products and add only those which have more health benefits. Another criticism of product development is the large cost associated in the process which cannot be adequately provided for by the business organization. New product developments are investments which companies undertake. It should be noted that as investments, the greater the possible gain, the greater the risks which should be incurred. Product development can bring adverse financial impact to business organizations if gains are not realized. Another criticism of product development is the faster required development time which is needed in order to account for shorter product life cycle. It should be noted that the key to the success of a company is often linked to its ability of bringing products to the market at speed faster than its competitors. 2. What are the features and characteristics that differentiate business-to-business markets from consumer markets Illustrate your answers with examples. Since marketing deals with the identification and provision of customer needs, companies are intensifying their efforts in knowing their customers. Business organizations often cater to individual buyers which are collectively called consumer markets and other commercial

Natives Responses to Modernity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Natives Responses to Modernity - Essay Example The Indians attempted to reproduce their own social environment that could help them to improve the cultures that they were leaving behind. For example, the Indian farmers tried to reintroduce the culture of setting fire at the end of every summer. The Indians signed treaties that would make them to be recognized as a kind of a political entity. Even when the Indians realized that they had signed treaties that could affect their cultures negatively they could resolve into becoming hostile and fight for their rights. For instance the Modoc Indian groups of Northern California left their reservations and went into war in 1872-73 with an aim of remaining in their homeland as these were seen as one factor that could help them maintain their culture (Findlay, 2000). The practice of Indian religion also helped the Indians to prevent their full assimilation and preserve their cultures. In the 1850 one of the famous Indian prophets, Wanapum experienced a visionary dream that encouraged all the Indians to observe their old customs and ways. This and other prophesies among the natives helped to form a strong basis for the Indian resistance. The Indians also believed that if they strictly followed their cultures and resisted any attempt of being assimilated by the whites, they could hasten the arrival of a sort of cataclysm that would help them remove non-Indians from the land and bring back the harmony that they previously enjoyed before the arrival of the whites. The Indians were driven by the above dream to observe their faith and follow their traditional ways, and they also resisted pressures on them to acculturate the white ways (Findlay, 2000). The Makah reservation helped the Indians to preserve their culture since this reserve was based on the tribe’s traditional territory and it offered access not only to land based supplies but also to the salt water resources that the Makahs had long exploited. In the process of their participation

Technologies Used by Limestone County Sheriff's Office Athens, AL Research Paper

Technologies Used by Limestone County Sheriff's Office Athens, AL - Research Paper Example This stipulation is not restricted to larger police forces such as in metropolitan centers but instead extends to all kinds of police divisions whether small or large. This paper will attempt to analyze the various forms of technology being employed by the Limestone County Sheriff’s Office situated in Athens, Alabama. 2. Technologies in Use 2.1. Internet The Limestone County Sheriff’s Office has a very strong online presence indicated by the website that is regularly updated for various news, events and other information dispersals (Limestone County Sheriff's Office, 2012 a). For example the website is completely updated on the first landing page with information regarding the 17th Annual Limestone County Triad Trail Ride including possible routes to the venue. This represents a strong part of the law enforcement culture because the internet highway is the future of communication and information dispersal especially for law enforcement where the information may need to be updated by the minute such as during emergencies. Another aspect of the website are the provided links to various services and information areas such as the National Rifle Association (for gun safety) (NRA, 2012), information regarding drunk driving and tolerable alcohol limits (Limestone County Sheriff's Office, 2012 b), the map to the sheriff’s office (Google Maps, 2012) and other similar resources. 2.2. Air Support In addition to the use of internet-based technologies the Limestone County S

The use of spinal immobilisation in the prehospital environment An Essay

The use of spinal immobilisation in the prehospital environment An investigative study - Essay Example Findings such as continuous oozing, subcutaneous emphysema and especially expanding haematoma were initially missed. Current literature does not directly address the indications, benefit and risk concerning so-called immobilization for penetrating neck injuries. This is true for both journals and major trauma textbooks. Most authors simply recommend that all patients with such injuries should be immobilized, or merely state that such is the practice in their emergency department and pre-hospital trauma care. Even the manual of the ATLS does not make a distinction between blunt and penetrating neck trauma, generally stating that "any patient with a suspected spine injury must be immobilized above and below the suspected injury site until injury has been excluded by roentgenograms". In addition it stresses that "cervical spine injury requires continuous immobilization of the entire patient with a semi-rigid cervical collar, backboard, tape and straps before and during transfer to a definite-care facility". (Sauerland, 2004) In depth analysis of the text following these statements reveals that the au thor is referring only to casualties from blunt injury! Although there is no proven benefit of spin... Immobilization has been demonstrated to cause back and head pain, resulting in an increased number of radiographs required to clear the spine in the emergency department (ED). Rigid spine immobilization can also cause pressure-related tissue breakdown, restrict respirations, and, if used aggressively, actually cause spinal cord injury. (Jones, 2004) Importance of Spinal Immobilization ED studies have confirmed the ability of clinical criteria to reliably determine the need for spine radiographs, although the majority of these have addressed only the cervical spine. Stevens reported that only a small number of patients with cervical spine injury escaped capture using clinical clearance criteria in the ED. Although the ED use of clinical spine clearance protocols has been reported, the validity of using a similar protocol in the EMS setting has not been fully addressed. The goal of prehospital management of SCI is to reduce neurological deficit and to prevent any additional loss of neurological function. (March, 2002) Therefore, prehospital management at the scene should include a rapid primary evaluation of the patient, resuscitation of vital functions (airway, breathing, circulation; the "ABCs"), a more detailed secondary assessment, and finally definitive care (including transport and admission to a trauma centre). Moreover, after arrival at the scene, it is impo rtant to "read" the scene and to appreciate the mechanism of injury in order to identify the potential for SCI. Prehospital management in general and the management of the airway and ventilation in particular should include immobilisation of the spine in suspicious cases to reduce the risk of a secondary SCI. (Hoffman, 2000) Cardiovascular

Dynamics Technologies Network Essay Example for Free

Dynamics Technologies Network Essay Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Virtualization has not only captured the business world by storm with its innovative and creative solutions but it also offers proven advantages in several areas of industry, IT and service. Below is a list of a few of the advantages and solutions that virtualization technology can offer the enterprise around the globe. Virtual Desktops Many corporations and enterprises are looking to reduce their footprint and create more efficient operating systems. This can be done with one aspect of virtualization, virtual desktops. Virtual desktops have the ability to create more space within a desktop computer or on actual desk space through the use of software which expands a desktops environment beyond physical limits through virtualization. This can create a more eco-friendly environment with less computers using energy and lower operating costs as well as offering continuous transitions between multiple operating system. Enhanced System Security A fear of many enterprises considering virtualization in their business is that all the advantages of this technology will compromise the security of sensitive, private and legal company information. However, that is not the case; in fact virtualization in business provides enhanced security, making it more difficult for hackers to find key information. Unlike other security systems, virtualization has the ability to single out and trace requests. If a request seems fishy or unsuitable, virtualization security technologies will reroute hackers to another location, securing and keeping enterprising business information safe from harm. Better System Reliability Non-virtualized networks and systems are more prone to crashes and memory corruption due to software installments such as device drivers. Through virtualization, I/O resources can be isolated providing better security (see above,) reliability and even availability across devices for business purposes. Disaster Recovery Along the same lines as better system reliability, virtualization also provides enterprising businesses with better, faster and more secure disaster recovery. This is possible because this technology is able to take a virtual image or information and transfer it to another server in the instance that the original server may be crashing. This prevents information loss and provides a constant stream of secure and safe information. Space and Server Consolidation When an organization has a physical database, it can take up to ten machines to provide the same amount of workload to one virtual machine. This means that up to ten applications can be ran on a solitary virtual machine, consolidating physical space as well as server use, therefore saving energy usage, operating costs and server expenses. Scalability One advantage of virtualization technology is its unique ability to be scalable. What this means is that unlike purchasing X amount of computer memory or RAM for a company, the possibilities with virtualization are endless. The workload and space needed one month may change in the next and virtualization accommodates those changes by fluxuating to fit the needs of an enterprise at the time of use. This also saves on energy consumption and operating costs because virtualization service providers oft will only charge for what was used. Endless Memory and Accessibilities One aspect of scalability is virtualization’s advantage of seemingly endless memory. Enterprising businesses can take advantage of limitless memory to house business information, client details, invoices and financial records all in an accessible, crash protected and secure place. Virtualization is accessible anywhere there is an internet connection, allow for access to important company information anywhere in the world. This is great for traveling business owners, work from home employees or access away from work. This also allows companies to offer better customer service to clients because of the ease of access as well as the quick pull up of saved information stored in a limitless memory location. Many enterprising companies are looking for ways to better IT departments, improve business models and create lower operating costs, all of which can be accomplished with the modern marvel technology that is virtualization. Whether used to provide better customer service, to be more eco-friendly or to gain more company memory, the virtualization technology of today offer many benefits to enterprising companies all over the world, creating innovative solutions to work based problems on a daily basis. Return on Investment School of thoughts have argued in various platform about the huge capital investment return in virtualization, there are multiple factors which determine how to go about deciding what type of monitoring an Information Technology (IT) department should embark on. In order to properly evaluate a specific IT environment, one must first determine whether or not to virtualize. Virtualization can be stressed as a life saver for countless IT departments over the past few years. What first needs to be determined however, is if in fact an organization really needs to virtualize. Perhaps database, application servers, network services, etc don’t truly need to become virtualized, maybe they do. What we are trying to determine today is the Return on Investment (ROI) for virtualization. Technologist, Researchers and Students helps quantify virtualizing an IT infrastructure. If an organization is in the process of acquiring a new company (or being liquidated) and subsequently moving locations, they must first take a look in their server room*. If it is overcrowded, under powered or outdated, then yes†¦ virtualization is probably important. What everyone in the IT department wants to know then, is virtualization right for my organization and more importantly my department? [pic] The resources being saved on just power and hardware along are staggering. Keeping costs lower for the overall organization is obviously crucial, especially when it comes to things such as never having to redeploy application solutions*. This will save you time and subsequently money: no server hardware refreshing costs, limited annual server-related power costs*. The greater questions then arise, how much time will it take a department to make the complete switch? Will the ROI be worth the increased labor hours to become fluent with the virtualized world?

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay

Distinguish Between Colonialism And Neocolonialism Cultural Studies Essay The term colony comes from the Latin word colonus, meaning farmer. This root reminds us that the practice of colonialism usually involved the transfer of population to a new territory, where the arrivals lived as permanent settlers while maintaining political allegiance to their country of origin. Colonialism is a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another. One of the difficulties in defining colonialism is that it is not easy to distinguish it from neocolonialism. Frequently the two concepts are treated as synonyms. Like colonialism, neocolonialism also involves political and economic control over a dependent territory. The etymology of the two terms, however, provides some clues about how they differ. According to Longman Contemporary English Dictionary colonialism is when a powerful country rules a weaker one and establishes its own trade and society there. ORIGIN OF COLONIALISM Before the abolition of the slave trade by Denmark in 1802 and Britain in 1807. The entire West African Coast witnessed trade in slaves which were need for the plantations of the then Industrialized new world. The nations involved were France, Britain, Denmark, Portugal and Germany. About forty years later the trade changed to that of colonialism conquest and occupation by Europeans. The Berlin West African Conference of 1884 1885 gave international recognition to a situation that was already in existence. 1945 1960 witnessed a reversal of the process of colonization decolonization while 1960 till date is witnessing a reincarnation and a resurrection of colonialism neocolonialism. Below shows a chronology of dates and the sequence of events from colonialism to neocolonialism and the present day ongoing process of neocolonialism. 1880 1885 Proto-Colonial period 1885 1945 Colonial Era Subdivision 1884 1885 Berlin Conference (the scramble for Africa) 1885 1900 Period of Conquest and occupation 1900 1919 Period of Penetration 1919 1939 Period of Colonial Rule 1939 1945 Decline of colonial rule 1945 1960 Period of decolonization 1960 Till date Period of Neocolonialism. MEANING OF NEOCOLONIALISM The term neocolonialism was first coined by Kwame Nkrumah, the first post-independence president of Ghana, and has been discussed by a number of twentieth century scholars and philosophers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Noam Chomsky Neocolonialism is the practice of using capitalism, globalization, and cultural forces to control a country (usually former European colonies in Africa or Asia) in lieu of direct military or political control. Such control can be economic, cultural, or linguistic, by promoting ones own culture, language or media in the colony, corporations embedded in that culture can then make greater headway in opening the markets in those countries. Thus, neocolonialism would be the result of business interests leading to deleterious cultural effects. Neocolonialism as defined by Longmans contemporary English Dictionary is when a powerful country uses its economic and political influence to control another country. DEFERENCE BETWEEN COLONIALISM AND NEOCOLONIALISM Though colonialism and neocolonialism are two sides of a coin. There are a number of differences that distinguishes the two. COLONIALISM NEOCOLONIALISM It is not modern (between 1880 1960s It involves physical or territorial occupation by the colonizers It has ended It is the early state of capitalism or imperialism It varies according to country e.g. Indirect Rule, (British) and policy of assimilation association by the French. It was led by France and Britain. It is a modern phenomenon It is not involve direct or physical presence of the colonizer any more It is ongoing i.e it is a continuous process It is the highest stage of Imperialism Neo-colonialism uses one methodology agents of Globalization It is now led by USA Probably nothing has become as controversial a subject as the impact of Colonialism on Africa among scholars of history and political science. Scholars such as Gann, Duignan, Perham and PC Lloyd see colonialism and neocolonialism as a blessing rather than a curse while other scholars such as Kwame Nkrumah, Che Guevara, Walter Rodney, MHY Kaniki A.E. Afigbo, A. Adu, Boahen, Ali Mazrai etc. sees it as a curse rather than a blessing. To buttress this further Che Guevaras says. As long as imperialism exists it will by definition exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism. Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary 1965 In view of this, the impact of Neo-colonialism therefore is not a lesser task to assess particularly from social, economic and political perspectives in Nigeria. To be frank, though there were positive effects but every greater were the negative ones. Below is my assessment of the impact of neocolonialism on the social, economic and political life of Nigeria. (A) AN ASSESSMENT SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Provision of a lingua franca. This is a positive impact of Neo-colonialism in Nigeria. The provision of a lingua franca (official language) for Nigeria can now be seen as a blessing due to the marriage of inconvenience which brought the numerous linguistic groups that constitutes the country to easily adopt a neutral language. Neo-colonialism through globalization has further consolidated the use of English language as the business and official language not only Nigeria but across the Anglophone countries. (2) Cultural Dominance According to Ali-Mazrui: African are not necessarily the most brutalized of peoples, but they are almost certainly the most humiliated. Using the agents of a globalization e.g. the Mass Media, Internet Western Movies etc. Nigerian culture like other African countries is evidently being subjugated and dominated by the western culture. Many Nigerians today seem to have imbibed the European way of life at the expense of our rich African culture (colonial mentality). This is gradually leading to a loss of cultural identity. (3) Western Education This is an indispensable effect that Neo-colonialism has also used as a tool for Nigerian continuous reliance on the west for inadequate, lopsided and wrongly oriented education which was bequeathed by colonialism and consolidated by Neo-colonialism. This is evident from the fact that our acquisition of western education has helped in a neglect of technological and industrial education rather than that of a technological advancement. (4) Environment Degradation Oil spillages due to the exploitation of oil by some multinational companies such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. has to a large extent polluted Nigerias water and land resources particularly in the oil producing areas of the Niger Delta. Consequently this has affected the eco-system, the habitat and the cultural occupation of the people of that area. (B) AN ASSESSMENT OF ECONOMIC IMPACT OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Positively Nigeria as a country has benefiting economically from Neo-colonialism. However the negative economic impacts seem to outweigh the positive impacts. One out of the negative economic impacts includes: (1) Economic Dependency International Organizations accused of participating in neo-colonialism are the World Bank, World Trade Organizations, the Group of Eight the Paris Club, the World economic forum, IMF etc. have been used by the first world countries to subject Nigeria into some structural adjustments which will increase rather than alleviate poverty . These Organizations are neocolonial agents used to ensure a perpetual economic failure and dependence of Nigeria as evident in the high rate of underdevelopment, poverty, debt burden etc. which has characterized our economy. (2) Economic Subjugation by Multi-national Corporations Critics of neocolonialism has also argued that investment by multinational corporations enriches few in under-developed countries and causes humanitarian, environmental and ecological devastation to the population which inhabits the colonies. These corporations such as Shell, Exxon Mobil etc. are responsible for a continuous flow of natural resources (oil) which unduly benefits the neo-colonial states. (3) Economic Brain Drain Today modern slavery exists through visa lotteries used to siphon not only Nigerias but ultimately the human resources of the developing countries. This is an economic brain drain strategy to subject the third world into a continuous technological hostage. (C) AN ASSESSMENT OF THE POLITICAL IMPACTS OF NEO-COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA (1) Consolidation of Democracy in Nigeria Though Nigerias political history has been characterized by the Military versus the Civilians. Recently democracy seems to have been fully entrenched in Nigeria through neo-colonial agent, such as the U.N. and other similar organizations. (2) Political Dependency Nigerias membership of the United Nations and the Commonwealth which sit joined immediately after Independence provided reasons why we have always been politically dependent on neo-colonial states like the USA and Britain. Consequently, Nigeria membership Pan-African Movement like, NEPAD, the Non-Aligned Movements, the African Union, the ECOWAS have not liberated as from this unending political grip of dependency. (3) Political Instability and Regime Change Apparently, government either Military or Civilian which poses no threat to the neo-colonial states in Nigeria seem to last longer than the unfriendly ones. In my opinion, no other reason can be tendered as why the Murtala Seven Months Regime (July 1975 February 1976) and the Buhari regime (December 1983 August 1985) were very short lived. Nigerian leaders who refuse to be stooges or puppets of the neo-colonial powers are usually forcefully removed. (4) Loss of Independence and Sovereignty Neo-colonialism, as a continuation of colonialism have of course eroded the independence or sovereignty which Nigeria like many third world countries claimed to have gotten. (5) New Colonialism Finally, neo-colonialism is the tool which has helped the neo-colonial states to continue the colonial process which started around 1880 and obstructed by decolonization or Independence of Nigeria in 1960 In conclusion, whatever colonialism and neo-colonialism did or is doing for Africans in Africa or Nigeria, given its opportunities, it resources and the power and influence it is wielding till date it could and should have done far more than it has done. It is precisely because the neo-colonial states not only did not see the development of Africans as their first priority but did not see it as a priority at all that they stand criticized. The continuous existence of the tools of neo-colonialism therefore poses an existential threat to the development of Nigeria and Africa.

Tobias Wolff Essay -- Papers

Tobias Wolff Tobias Wolff, a boy of a troubled childhood, and a very tough father. Tobias Wolff had no intentions of being a writer from the start; it just seemed to of popped into his life. The Amazing part about this writer is that he was not supported by anyone but himself. His father was against everything that he did, and his brother, Geoffrey, also a writer would always take his fathers side, leaving Tobias on a side of his own. â€Å"I wasn’t fair, I always took my father’s side.† Said Geoffrey (Wolff, G; Duke of 144) Geoffrey was known as the ‘Good Brother’ as his father would say. This was wrong for a father to do, parents can’t play favorites, because it leads to one child feeling left out, or rebelling against it like Tobias Wolff did. I feel that the reason for the father favoritism towards Geoffrey Wolff was because Tobias was the younger brother, and younger brothers may be known to be more rebellious. Although, there was nothing said about how Tobias acted in his childhood, he might have been a rebellious child, which may of turned his father towards Geoffrey. Tobias decided to enlist himself into the army once he couldn’t deal with his father anymore. No, he was not drafted into the army; he chose to enlist himself into the army acting on his own free will. Many say that Tobias did this to escape his troubled childhood and mainly his father. Shortly after Tobias enlisted himself into the army, he was called to battle in the Vietnam War where he experienced many different styles of life. Shortly after the war ended Tobias wrote a novel, most people say it was his best work, titled In Pharoh’s Army: memories of the lost war. The reason this came to be such an amazing work was it contained his wartime experiences... ...Irving. The vintage book of Contemporary American Short Stories, Article 17. http://web7.infotrac.galegroup.com†¦rn_17_0_a16559373?sw_aep=pace_main; Spring, 1995; March 22, 2000 Meyer, Michael. The Compact Bedford introduction to Literature, â€Å"Powder,† Tobias Wolff, p.525. 2000 by Bedford/St. Martin’s. Wolff, Tobias. In the Garden of North American Martyrs. 1945, The Ecco Press, New York. 175pgs. Smith, Joan. â€Å"The Salon Interview – Speaking into the Unknown,† http://www.salon.com/dec96/interview961216.html , 3pgs. Wolff, Tobias. Hunters in the snow, http://www.bnl.com/shorts/stories/huntsnow.html , 1997 B&L Associates, Renton, Washington, 12 pgs. (Gary Lindquist---Comments). Wolff, Tobias. This Boys Life, 1989 Grove Press, New York, NY, 288pgs. Wolff, Geoffrey. The Duke of Deception - memories of my father, Random House inc. 1979, 275 pgs.

Struggle for Dominance and Mastery in Jack Londons The Call of the Wil

Struggle for Dominance and Mastery in Jack London's The Call of the Wild Isn't it funny how life itself is not just a fight for survival, but more a fight for mastery? Some people are satisfied with just survival, but some strive to be the best they can be during their life. In the novel, The Call of the Wild (1903), by Jack London, the author demonstrates life's struggles for dominance while following the life of a magnificent dog named Buck. Buck was living a peaceful, laxadazical life on a California estate when he is stolen and taken to the Klondike region of Canada, due entirely to the discovery of gold. In a matter of days, Buck's life makes a 180 degree turn when he finds himself in the harsh weather of Canada pulling a sled day after day. All this time, Buck is in a life and death struggle for dominance. Once he finally meets a master of his equal, his life is almost perfect. As life throws its curves, Buck finds himself being pulled away from his equal owner, Jack London. When Jack is later killed by the Yeehat Indians, Buck has to go out on his own and continue his tre... Struggle for Dominance and Mastery in Jack London's The Call of the Wil Struggle for Dominance and Mastery in Jack London's The Call of the Wild Isn't it funny how life itself is not just a fight for survival, but more a fight for mastery? Some people are satisfied with just survival, but some strive to be the best they can be during their life. In the novel, The Call of the Wild (1903), by Jack London, the author demonstrates life's struggles for dominance while following the life of a magnificent dog named Buck. Buck was living a peaceful, laxadazical life on a California estate when he is stolen and taken to the Klondike region of Canada, due entirely to the discovery of gold. In a matter of days, Buck's life makes a 180 degree turn when he finds himself in the harsh weather of Canada pulling a sled day after day. All this time, Buck is in a life and death struggle for dominance. Once he finally meets a master of his equal, his life is almost perfect. As life throws its curves, Buck finds himself being pulled away from his equal owner, Jack London. When Jack is later killed by the Yeehat Indians, Buck has to go out on his own and continue his tre...

Ministers Black Veil Essays: Masks and Intimacy -- Ministers Black V

The Minister's Black Veil - Masks and Intimacy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      The Minister's Black Veil begins with a young pastor, Mr. Hooper, arriving at church with an ugly black veil covering his face. The people are all dismayed, and wonder why he is wearing a black veil. They are further dismayed and confused, when he refuses to take it off--ever. There is only one person who is not horrified by his black veil--his wife-to-be, Elizabeth. She comes to him and says, "there is nothing terrible in this piece of crape, except that it hides a face which I am always glad to look upon. Come, good sir, let the sun shine from behind the cloud. First lay aside your black veil: then tell me why you put it on." (Heath 2143) Mr. Hooper smiles and replies, "There is an hour to come when all of us shall cast aside our veils. Take it not amiss, beloved friend, if I wear this piece of crape till then." (Heath 2143) Elizabeth, again, entreats him to remove the veil, but he replies, "this veil is a type and a symbol, and I am bound to wear it ever, both in light and darkness, in solitude and before the gaze of multitudes, and as with strangers, so with my familiar friends. No mortal eye will see it withdrawn. This dismal shade must separate me from the world: even you, Elizabeth, can never come behind it!" Elizabeth asks him what shall the people think of his veil? Won't it start a scandal? Mr. Hooper then replies, "If I hide my face for sorrow, there is cause enough, and if I cover it for secret sin, what mortal might not do the same?" (Heath 2143) Elizabeth begins to feel terror at the sight of the veil. She turns to leave the room, and Mr. Hooper cries, "Have patience with me, Elizabeth! Do not desert me, though this veil must be between us here on e... ... understanding, and healing. Mr. Hooper's veil ostracized him from the mercy, understanding and love, from his congregation. BIBLIOGRAPHY Kaul, A. N., (Ed.). (1966). "HAWTHORNE: A Collection of Critical Essays." Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Levin, Harry., (Ed.). (1961) "The Scarlet Letter and Other Tales of the Puritans." Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Morris, Lloyd., "THE REBELLIOUS PURITAN: Portrait of Mr. Hawthorne." Port Washington: Kennikat Press. "The Heath Anthology of American Literature" (2nd ed.). Lexington: D.C. Heath and Company. Van Doren, Mark., (Ed.). (1951). "The Best of Hawthorne." New York: The Ronald Press Company. Waggoner, Hyatt H., "HAWTHORNE: A Critical Study." Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. "World History and Cultures: In Christian Perspective." Pensacola: A Beka Book.   

A Rose for Emily: An Example of Regionalism Essay

1. Emily Grierson: She is the old lady that lives at the house, she is a town legend and is respected because she is a lady. 2. Colonel Sartoris: He was the former mayor of the town who absolved Miss Emily of any taxes after the death of her father. 3. Tobe: He is Miss Emily’s servant and the only connection to the outside world. 4. Judge Stevens: he was very respectful to Miss Emily and to save her pride had several men sprinkle lime on her property. 5. Homer Barron: The man who fell in love with Miss Emily while on a construction job. The introduction to the lesson says that Faulkner’s â€Å"great theme was the American South.† â€Å"A Rose for Emily† is a good example of regionalism. Identify two examples of local color from the story. Emily Grierson was not willing to join in with those who moved into the new era. She refused to pay her taxes. Another example is the fact that the narrator did not believe that Emily could truly love Homer Barron because he was a Yankee.   In the first paragraph Miss Emily is compared to a â€Å"fallen monument.† What does his metaphor tell the reader about her social status before she died? She was legendary in the town, everyone knew her or of her. She was part of the town itself. ï‚ · Part two begins with a shift in time. At this point in the story, Miss Emily’s father has been dead for two years and the townspeople begin to complain about a suspicious smell. After you have finished reading the story, hypothesize about the cause of the sm ell. I think the cause of the smell was her father’s body rotting.   Who begins to date Miss Emily in Part III, and why was he in town? Homer Barron was who she started dating. He was in town to start building the sidewalks in town.   What is the climax of the story? Explain your answer. The climax of the story is when Miss Emilie dies because that’s when everyone could officially start talking about her. In parts III & IV, Miss Emily makes a few suspicious purchases in town. What does she buy and what is the purpose of each item? She buys Arsenic supposedly for the rats.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Rose for Emily† is not told in chronological order. List each section in chronological order and explain your choices. Part 2 is first because it was 30 years ago. Part 3 is continuing directly after this. Part 4 speaks of her funeral. Part five speaks of after her funeral.   In section II Emily’s cousins came expecting a wedding. When they don’t find Homer, they assume he went to prepare for the wedding. After Emily’s cousins left, â€Å"within three days Homer Barron was back in town.† What happened to Homer next? He returned to the house one evening around dusk and then was never seen again. When the story returns to present day and the townspeople enter Miss Emily’s upstairs room, what do they find after breaking down the door? They found the rotting body of Homer Barron. ï‚ · What do you suppose happened to Homer Barron? What context clues help you piece together his fate? I think Miss Emilie hit him over the head because of the dent in the head and a piece of her hair was by him so that shows that it was her.

Christine Taylor Succeed

How did Christine Taylor succeed in evolving the local dog-washing service she developed as a teenager into an international franchise business? Christine Taylor grew up as a child in a physical environment that allowed her to succeed. She worked in a bait and tackle business that was owned by her parents in which the only thing acceptable was hard work. This environment allowed her to study hard in school and create a drive within her to succeed. Through her studies and research, you decided that she wanted her business model to be a franchise with Aussie Pooch Mobile.Christine felt that this will be the best way to grow and expand her business. She also knew that there is a market for her mobile dog wash business but it required bringing on the right people (franchisees), with a good business model that was low in fees and the processes & training offered by APM. She also believed that focused in a niche business and a great promotional strategy will allow Aussie Pooch Mobile to at tract customers as well as new franchisees. Her use of designing the trailers to be a moving billboard will give her great word of mouth advertising.The process and design of her business will enable franchisees to deliver both quality & efficient dog washing service. In planning for future expansion, what strategy should Christine Taylor adopt for APM and why? Australia is a large territory that will have pockets in which the population is very dense. Christine Taylor’s Aussie Pooch Mobile concept will only succeed in geographical areas that are highly populated and modernized. In order for her franchisees to have utilities hook up for water & electricity, she realizes that she must expand to suburban type landscapes.Being in a populated area, this will allow word of mouth advertising that will foster new and repeat customers. Having the potential to make money will attract and recruit new franchisees to buy into APM’s concept. In looking at the charts provided, there is a lot of opportunity for APM to grow and expand successfully. However, they will need to move quickly because there are 19 other companies that offer comparable services that may seize the opportunity of growth first. Christine should first target the two larger populated areas than Queensland which will be New South Wales & Victoria.

Look both ways

Watt illustrates the internal emotions that the characters have, such as anxiety, suspicion and despair. These recurring, mental Images cause both Merely and Nick, to live life In fear of death. When Nick was diagnosed with cancer, he immediately saw his life flashing past him in the form of a photometer. Watt uses these montages to describe Nick's fear of death and that though he may seem in control on the outside, he is actually feels alone, confused and anxious that his life will end the same way his father's did.His fear of cancer and his assumption that he won't survive his battle with cancer causes him to give up and therefore not live life, since he would die soon anyway. He therefore does not participate In his regular activities such as work and cricket with enthusiasm, and is unable to be happy and live life fully. Merely also struggles with her visions of potential threats everywhere she goes. The vivid images of knife attacks and robbers shooting her cause her to feel ner vous and to live in suspicion of everyone around her.This is evident when Merely becomes anxious when Nick asks her for her phone number, even though they were Intimate the night before. This shows that due to her fear of the worst-case scenario occurring, she struggles to embrace life, take risks and form relationships, which are essential in life. Watt also demonstrates how past experiences of death can have an impact on the individual's perspective of their own life and death. Nick reflects on his father's battle with cancer in fear that he too will suffer and not survive.His memories of his father struggling to complete dally activities such as going to the toilet cause Nick to become even more worried, since he is so sure that because his father didn't survive. He wouldn't either. He also doesn't willingly involve himself with Merely in fear that she too will suffer as much as his mum did, when his father was ill. Due to his fear of suffering, Nick gives up and develops negativ e thoughts and feelings towards others and his life.On the contrary, his mother Joan had a positive view and explained that it doesn't matter how life ends, It's how it was. ‘ His mother chose to remember the happy moments In her husband's life and know that though her husband did suffer tremendously, he did enjoy his life and live It fully. These two characters developed opposite attitudes towards the death of their loved one. Watt shows that this is turn affected how they viewed their future. Like Nick, Merely also looks towards the negative side of life.Her tendency to see danger and death wherever she goes is the cause of her negative emotions towards fife and fear of death. She therefore Is unable to take risks, In the fear that the worst- case scenario will occur. This is the reason why she is awkward around Nick. Even though she likes him, she is still fearful that she could get hurt as the result of the relationship. When she explains to Nick that her father's death wa s ‘the natural order of things,' and ‘that it was meant to be,' Watt demonstrates that Merely does not take control of her own life.This Is why Merely Just accepts her fear of death and taking attitude, Merely is unable to live a relaxed life; she is constantly â€Å"looking both ways†. Although the film centers on death, Watt's film is a positive affirmation about life. She maintains a clear message that despite all the negativity in the world, we need to reunite with our loved ones so that we can pursue our fears with renewed hope and optimism. Merely and Nicks connection and strong bond is a clear example of the need for connection and warmth as a result of experiencing similar tragedy and despair.