Heathcliff Monster or Victim - 2066 Words

Is Heathcliff a monster, or just misunderstood? Heathcliff. He is character that perplexes many with his enigmatic ways. With many film adaptations he is played in near enough the same as how he is in Bronte’s book – as a monster. But what is a monster? Is it that he is a vicious murderer? Is it someone with no sympathy for others? Or is it someone without a care in the world? Arguably Heathcliff is all of these and more.. Throughout Wuthering Heights, it can be seen that Heathcliff is a social outcast, not fitting in with anything the other inhabitants of Wuthering Heights do. Any reader of the book produces a completely different view of Heathcliff showing even more so that he is misunderstood by many people. There are different†¦show more content†¦This later Heathcliff is characterized by a coldness, by an incapacity to love and ultimately by consuming passion for revenge against those who have abused him. Just as he begins life, he ends life as an unloved, lonely outsider. In the first part of Nelly’s narration, she begins by telling how Heathcliff comes about the house. ‘We crowed round, and, over Miss Cathy’s head, I had a peep at a dirty, ragged, black-haired child.’ Such language explores that he is no ordinary child. The other children - Hindley and Cathy, couldn’t believe what their father had bought home. ‘Mrs Earnshaw was ready to chuck it out of the doors†¦asking how he could fashion to bring that gipsy brat into the house.’ Such a phrase would imply that if they were seen with the ‘gipsy’ they would be looked down on. They don’t understand Mr Earnshaw’s reason to bring him home. Cathy and Hindley rejected Heathcliff ‘they entirely refused to have it in bed with them, or even in their room..I put it on the landing of the stairs, hoping it might be gone on the morrow’ Nobody wanted it to be part of the household. This first introduction to Heathcliff alr eady explores the view he is socially beneath the other inhabitants of Wuthering Heights. He is typically described as outside of the family structure. This would make him self conscious about himself and could be a reason for his actions later on in his life. Heathcliff’s presence inShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1421 Words   |  6 Pagesstorms can create a sense of anger or confusion, whereas sunlight may generate a sense of happiness. Both novels are set in a cold, dreary time, adding to the theme of isolation throughout each. In Frankenstein, the reader is first introduced to the monster on a stormy night. â€Å"It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld the accomplishment of my toils. With an anxiety that almost amounted to agony, I collected the instruments of life around me that I might infuse a spark of being into the lifelessRead MoreJohn Milton s Paradise Lost2313 Words   |  10 PagesShelley. Wuthering Heights written by Brontà « presents Heathcliff as a modernization of Satan. The characters share the experience of evolving from their lives as outcasts within their societies by means of revenge. The monster in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein romanticizes the Miltonic concept of revenge found in Paradise Lost. Although the creation and experiences of Satan and the monster differ, their premises for revenge become similar as the monster realizes his contempt toward his position withinRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Bronte s Wuthering Heights 1562 Words   |  7 PagesEmily Bronte†™s Wuthering Heights presents, Heathcliff, one of literature’s most mysterious characters to be found in fiction. From his first appearance in the book, he comes off as a shadow of a man, brooding and dark; an angry misanthrope at best and an abusive tyrant at worst. There are moments in which the reader empathizes with Heathcliff and other times where he becomes quite irredeemable. Perhaps he is a victim of circumstance, or just a scheming interloper. Maybe a both or neither? In theRead MoreGothic Literature and Romantic Literature2607 Words   |  11 Pagesornate and interesting to look at. They are beautiful on the outside and were harmless in history. However, as his depression escalates and his sins deepen, his collection becomes a â€Å"mix of tyrants and Renaissance revenge figures that poison their victims†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Platizky). His collection has become a reflection of himself; it is full of violence and sin and is rife with the actions that the tyrants and re venge figures committed. Gray’s mental deterioration is augmented by his obsession with his portraitRead MoreThe Story Of My Life5035 Words   |  21 Pagesswear, youre so weird. As he said this, however, a twinkle reappeared in his eyes and his crooked grin returned full force; as did the little monsters in my stomach, attacking the lining of my internal makeup. Im getting you a tea, too. You have to like tea to be mortal. The fact that he anticipated my love of tea is so NOT helping the tummy monsters situation!!! Welcome to Bojangles! May I take your order?! This was uttered by a staticky, cheerful voice from inside the building, one that

The Reliability Of Compensatory Health Beliefs And The...

The reliability of compensatory health beliefs and the effect it has on alcohol consumption Abstract Aim The aim of the study was to investigate whether reading government guidelines on alcohol consumption would affect an individual’s intentions to drink within the guidelines or not. The study is also focused on investigating the reliability of alcohol specific compensatory health belief scale using test-retest and internal consistency measures. Introduction There has been a lot of recent research into compensatory health beliefs, in particular what activates these beliefs. Compensatory health beliefs are beliefs that a person activates as compensation after engaging in unhealthy behaviours. An example of this is someone believing that they can have a piece of cake as they are going to the gym later. They understand that the cake is unhealthy but try and compensate for that by doing something healthy to counteract it. This study focuses on compensatory health beliefs surrounding binge drinking in the UK. Binge drinking has become a serious problem in the UK, in 2012-13, there were an estimated 1,008,850 admissions related to alcohol consumption where an alcohol-related disease, injury or condition was the primary reason for hospital admission or a secondary diagnosis. (2014, May 29). Statistics on Alcohol - England, Retrieved from http://www.hscic.gov.uk/catalogue/PUB14184. This shows the severity of the alcohol problem in the UK and th at people abuse alcohol. TheseShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDesign and Teams 127 Summary 127 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 128 Key Terms 129 130 HRM Workshop Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 107 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 107 Case Application 4-A: Casino Has No Sense of Humor Regarding â€Å"Dilbert† Comic 107 Case Application 4-B: Off-the-Job Behaviors 107 Working with a Team: Dealing in Gray Areas 108 Learning an HRM Skill: Guidelines for Counseling Employees 108 Enhancing Your Communication Skills 109

Character Analysis of Kino from Steinbecks Novel, The Pearl Essay Example For Students

Character Analysis of Kino from Steinbecks Novel, The Pearl Essay Topic: A. The main character (Kino) in this story is engaged in several struggles and challenges. Which of these struggles and challenges do you think is the most important? Elaborate with examples frm the story. The Pearl, which was written by John Steinbeck, took place in La Paz, Mexico. John Steinbeck began the story by describing the way of living of a pearl driver whose name was Kino. The successful marriage of Kino and his wife, Juana provided them a son, Coyotito. In the beginning of the story, they all lived idyllically, blissful and peaceful even they are not rich. After that, their living was changed to the evil one since Coyotito has been stung by scorpion. Facing to that problem, Kino and Juana tried their best to treat him. First, they thought that problem would be solved; in contrast, both of them face more serious problem that made Kino was engaged in several struggles and challenges were important, but the most one was the point that Kino escaped and traveled to the north. To support that point of view, I have many reasons. First, Kino and his family members travelled with both of fair and guilty. At that point, there was no peace in their lives anymore because Kino killed a person who robbed his pearl. Also his properties, such as canoe was damaged and house was burned, so the one thing he had to do was escaping to a new place, North. Even, he and his family were away from their ld place, they were full of tearness. For example, they walk all nights and rest during the day in the purpose not to let someone find them. Also, they coved their footprints so that they could not be followed easily. If someone found Kino, he might be robbed a pearl or arrested for killing someone. Moreover, Kino did everything to protect his family’s life. Kino last of human gualities when he tried to follow the trackers Kino acted like animals in order to find way to attack the trackers back. For instance, Kino’s body stiffened and he drew down his head and peeked out from under a fallen branch. He also dug little pits with his sandaled toes so that he could leap without warning and his feet would not slip. In addition, Kino had to be violent as animal to protect himself and his family. For example, Kino was uneasy and nervous, he lifted the big knife and felt its edge to attack the trackers. Finally, Kino become a murderer a gain. In the beginning of the story, he was the peaceful man but after that he killed a person to save his life. Now on, Kino acted again by killing three men. This point, Kino was a very difficult condition. He had to protect himself, his life and also Coyotito. It was so hard for him because he was a person with no rifle and had only knife was attacked by three men with a rifle. As a result, three of them were killed by Kino. Unfortunately, he also lost his beloved son, Coyotito even he was so struggle. In conclusion, the ways Kino and his family escaped from La Paz, was the most important of his challenges and struggles. This challenges sounds like a failure but a strong believe that it was a success for him and Juana was Kino realized what he should do to make his life harmful life. At the end, Kino had a great decision to though the pearl back to the sea in order to stop the evil in his family’s life.

Symbolism in Orewlls Shooting an Elephant Essay Example

Symbolism in Orewlls Shooting an Elephant Essay Name Instructor English 15 October 2010 Death of an Elephant: Symbolism in Orwell As a former business major, whenever I read, whether fiction or non-fiction, I tend to focus too much on the surface meaning—the facts—and I often miss the subtle symbolism and deeper meaning of a piece of literature. As an English major, I am attempting to change, but I am often skeptical of symbolism, fearing that we may be reading too much into an author’s words. For me, an assignment to discuss the symbolism in a piece of writing presents a challenge. George Orwell, however, makes reading between the lines and uncovering symbolism in his essays fairly simple. He gives up importance evidence that his works do contain deeper meaning in â€Å"Why I Write† when he says, â€Å"Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic Socialism† (Orwell 67). He has been relatively successful because through his use of symbolism he avoids the didactic preaching that most intelligent people dismiss as manipulation or propaganda. The elephant, the most memorable and moving image in his essay â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† must have political significance. The elephant, with its many human characteristics, symbolizes the Burmese people in that it is dominated and oppressed, it rebels against that dominance and oppression, and it dies a slow, agonizing death. An elephant makes an appropriate symbol for people in general because elephants are similar to humans in a number of ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Orewlls Shooting an Elephant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Orewlls Shooting an Elephant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Symbolism in Orewlls Shooting an Elephant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In his book When Elephants Weep, Jeffrey Masson tells of elephants having deep humanlike emotions: â€Å"from a Kenyan ‘elephant orange’ comes a report of baby African elephants who have seen their families killed by poachers and witnessed the tusks being cut off the bodies. These young animals wake up screaming in the night† (45). The young elephants, it seems, are having nightmares just as young human children would have in similar circumstances; they appear to be agonizing over the loss of their loved ones. Masson also states that â€Å"Charles Darwin [. . ] was not able to observe animals shedding emotional and called weeping one of the ‘special expressions of man’ Darwin noted one exception: the Indian elephant† (106). Elephants are unique in their similarity to humans; they are highly intelligent, hard working, social animals, with a capacity to feel sorrow and pain. Orwell is aware of the sensitivity and intelligence of the elephant and tells us of his reluctance to shoot it with its â€Å"grandmotherly air† (38), saying, in fact, that â€Å"it would be murder to shoot him†(38). The elephant has so many human characteristics, in fact, that when Orwell kills the elephant it is almost as though he is killing a human. The elephant’s sheer size makes it capable of representing more than just a single human; it represents a people: the Burmese people. The elephant in Orwell’s essay is specifically like the Burmese people in that it is subjected to oppression and violence at the hands of a person, or group of people, supposedly more intelligent and civilized. A large, intelligent animal like an elephant could only be controlled by a smaller animal, like a human being, through mental domination and fear. The act of taming and domesticating such a large, wild, sensitive animal must involve, at some point, physical punishment. Many would argue that the act of taming an elephant is, per se, cruel just as one society dominating and oppressing another is, in itself, cruel. The elephant was kept in chains, forced to work, and looked upon as a â€Å"huge and costly piece of machinery† (37), not as a living, breathing, feeling animal. The elephant performed his duties, not out of respect for the mahout, but to avoid punishment. The Burmese people are also held captive, but the British used guns where the mahout used chains. Orwell describes the treatment the Burmese received at the hands of the British in animal-like terms: â€Å"The wretched prisoners huddled in the stinking cages [. . . ]the gray cowed faces of the long term convicts, the scarred buttocks of the men who had been flogged with bamboo†(35). They were cages, as animals are caged, and they were flogged with bamboo as an unruly animal would be flogged. They seem to be afforded little or no human dignity and were beaten into submission and controlled through fear, like animals. He even describes their faces as gray, not the color of a healthy human face, the color of an elephant’s face. Later he refers to the Burmese as â€Å"beasts† (35). Like the elephant, the Burmese obeyed their oppressors, not out of respect, but out of fear of punishment. For both the Burmese people and the elephant, however, anger proves stronger than fear, and a rebellion results. The Burmese people rebel, through words and taunts, against the British rule, and the elephant has an attack of â€Å"must,† breaks his chains, and rampages through the bazaar rebelling against its mahout. Just as there is some wild, freedom-loving, instinct in the elephant that cannot be subjugated, there is a sense of pride and love of freedom within the Burmese that refuses to die. The Buddhist priests were the embodiment of this pride; Orwell says regarding the priests, â€Å"There were several thousands of them in the town and none of them seemed to have anything to do except stand on street corners and jeer ant Europeans†(35). The priests were, in fact, voicing the opinions of most of the Burmese people. They had an obligation, as the religious representatives of the Burmese, to make the unhappiness of the people known to their oppressors. They missed no opportunity to voice their displeasure, and â€Å"in an aimless, petty kind of way anti-European feeling was very bitter† (35). They were, in fact, able to create a general feeling of malevolence and resistance towards the British, making their oppressors almost as unhappy as they were. Their constant jeers and insults were effective, more effective, in arousing Orwell’s anger, than the elephant’s rampage. Orwell did not want to kill the elephant for his rampage; he realized that the elephant was basically a docile creature, and one temporary act of insanity should not bring about a death sentence. However, he is not so sympathetic regarding the Buddhist priests; he tells us, â€Å"I thought the greatest joy in the world would be to drive a bayonet into a Buddhist priest’s guts†(36). Ironically, Orwell does not kill a Buddhist priest, but he does shoot, and kill the elephant. The elephant’s death symbolizes the death of the Burmese peoples’ freedom, and sense of national pride. Both depart with difficulty and pain at the hands of the British. The elephant, once shot, dies â€Å"very slowly and in great agony† (40). Orwell tells us, â€Å"I waited a long time for him to die†(40). He describes the elephant’s slow, agonizing death in great detail; it becomes the focal point of the essay. At one point Orwell says of the dying elephant, â€Å"One could have imagined him thousands of years old†(40). We can easily imagine that the Burmese society was thousands of years old, with ancient customs and traditions cherished by the people and unappreciated by outsiders, like the British. The British waited a long time for the customs and pride of the Burmese people to die once British dominion was in place. Their undying pride is seen in their refusal to submit quietly to British rule. Orwell, as a police officer, and representative of the British empire often felt their resistance; this is evident when he says, â€Å"insults hooted after me when I was at a safe distance† (35). Word Count 1277 The entire essay Death of an Elephant is available through the public domainn at http://georgeorwellnovels. com/essays/shooting-an-elephant/ as

The Craigs Case Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers

The Craig's Case Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers, Research Papers The Craig's Case While reading this case I couldnt believe how similar Craigs problem was to my own from couple years ago. I tried to recall all the facts from my own experience and compare them to Craigs. Even though I never had a steady job and I worked only couple of summers, I am pretty sure that many people had experience like this at one point in their careers. Every person in the world is different, and I believe that each person would behave differently in this case. To be fair maybe the outcome would be the same in some instances, but the decision process would be unique to every individual. This is where ethics come into the play, according to this term everyone should act the same in any given situation. Craig is facing very serious decision, just like in Shakespeares Hamlet to be or not to be? He is to choose between his physical well being and his conscience. According to Hobbes, in humans nature is to be egoist, and one should always look out for ones best interest, in this case keep the job and graduate from college. On the other side there are many stakeholders depending on the decision he will make, and according to the definition of ethics, it is not about me, it is about others. Clearly, consistently with the definition Craig is not facing a dilemma but a definite choice to speak out for himself and the customers that are depending on his decision. Craig must not sign the evaluation sheet and must do the only right and ethical thing. He must take this issue to the top management and complain about the wrongfulness of the previous actions of his superiors. If he is threatened with his tuition reimbursement and even if his job is on the line, he must proceed with his intentions and go to the authorities that are responsible for such cases. Craigs duties and obligations in this case are numerous. According to the text, there are seven basic duties for good and bad conduct. One must keep explicit and implicit promises, where Craig must keep promises given to himself, company, and his customers. For example he must keep the implicit promise given to the customers where he is to do what is in his power to protect their best interest. One must make sure that the goods are distributed justly, where in this case only a half dozen out of hundreds have been acted upon. One must not harm others, where Craig by not acting immediately is harming some policyholders who can not afford other means of care or whatever the policy stated in the first place. (Trunfio, 28-29) There are many moral common sense principles that are addressed and violated in this case. The most obvious one would be lawfulness, where is stated that the laws must be obeyed, and clearly in this instance it is not so. Also, Human worth principle is violated, where his manager is evidently harming Craig. (Trunfio, 24) Craigs manager Nancy, deliberately or not, is not respecting him as a human being and is pushing him to do what he is told, not what is right and legal. My opinion is that Craigs boss Nancy knows the situation, and is deliberately transferring the responsibility on Craigs shoulders. These are only couple of moral principles being addressed in this case. The fact that the actions of this firm are not legal is probably enough for Craig to report this case to the authorities. If he doesnt act immediately many clients of the firm will be damaged. Furthermore this could lead to a lawsuit which could damage the wellbeing of many employees of the firm as well as their agents all over the United States. If he ignores the issue, and I must add that this is not just a minor flaw or mistake but illegal act that will eventually be discovered by the authorities, the results would be the same, he would loose his scholarship and his job and he would possibly be held legally accountable for not acting upon these matters. This fact should be an eye opener for Craig, in sense that if he

Antony van Leeuwenhoek essays

Antony van Leeuwenhoek essays The biologist I chose to report on is Antony van Leeuwenhoek. I chose to report on him because he made many great microscopic discoveries. Those discoveries include bacteria, free-living and parasitic microscopic protist, sperm cells, blood cells, and many Leeuwenhoek was born on October 24, 1632, in Delft. His mothers family were brewers and his father was a basket-maker. Antony was taught at Warmond and lived with his uncle in Benthuizen. He got his first job in a linen-drapers shop, in 1648. In 1654, he moved back to Delft, where he lived the rest of his life. He set up a drapery business for a while, but also worked as a surveyor, wine assayer, and a minor city official. In 1676, he was the trustee of a famous painter named Jan Vermeer. In 1668, Leeuwenhoek learned to grind lens and used them to make simple microscopes. Robert Hooke was his inspiration to use microscopes. Ten out of five hundred of Leeuwenhoeks scopes have survived up until today. His microscopes were basically a strong magnifying glass and not compound like the ones used today. Leeuwenhoeks scopes were composed of only one lens, mounted in a tiny hole, in the brass plate. The brass plate served as the base, also. Whatever was being viewed was placed on a sharp point, which was in front of the lens. To focus the object, two screws were turned. The entire scope was 3-4 inches long, and very difficult to use. Leeuwenhoek is often called, The inventor of the microscope, when in truth the compound microscope was invented many years The old compound microscope were not very good for viewing because they could only enlarge 20-30 times the original size. Leeuwenhoeks scopes however could magnify up to 200 times and more clearly then any other scopes at the time. Because Leeuwenhoeks scopes could magnify so well and clear many of his ...

HR Outsourcing WalMart Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HR Outsourcing WalMart - Essay Example In the case of WalMart, although the company does deal with manufacturing as well, the main business deals with retailing. Hence here it is not advisable to outsource the human resources process. The company requires keeping complete records and all decision making within the same locations. This allows better and faster response time to any human resource problem. Although outsourcing will prove to be beneficial for the company and will provide the company with reduced duties to be carried out directly, the strategic decision making will not be in complete sync with the main objectives of the company. Strategic HRM can be more powerful and success when it is carried out within the organization. In making strategic decisions it is crucial that the objectives and other strategic decisions made by other teams are also considered (Brown and Wilson). By outsourcing the HRM functions and the processes to different locations, the company can clearly be faced with issues of keeping complete records and also maintaining the staff effectively.

Emily's story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emily's story - Essay Example We broke up when I was five months pregnant and that time I had not even told my dad about my pregnancy. I was bought up by my dad who was quite strict in these matters. My mom left him before my birth and when I was born she dropped me when I was some months old. People say she was looking for someone else and my responsibility was a hurdle in her activities. My dad, he gave me love and affection of both the parents and raised me up in the best possible way. But in some matters he was damn strict and having boyfriends and sleeping with them was the top most issue. Now the problem left for me was telling him that his dear daughter is pregnant with a boy who is not mothering in seeking pleasure with her any more. First I tried to contact Jim again as his support would have made things less severe. Despite trying every possibility to contact him, texts, calls, facebook, whatsapp, all my attempts went in vein and I did not hear from him after wards. I made the mind to tell truth to my d ad because sooner or later he has to find that out and it could put me in a more difficult situation. I was not sure where to start and how to defend it. I knew he would be very much frustrated and annoyed at me. I decided to write a letter to him telling all the circumstances. I wrote everything on a piece of paper and put the paper under his pillow. The next morning I woke up by a hard roar. Before I could even realize what that actually was, there was a bang on my door. My father was knocking hard as if he would break it. I took no time in getting up but I resisted in opening door. If I would open door at this time, it would have resulted in anything. It could end up in a physical assault. So I pleaded him behind the door that I was sorry and i would be nice girl from now on. But he kept on shouting to leave his house just now. I opened the door after some time. He was standing next to it with red eyes. He ordered me

Responsibility not a Sufficient Condition of Liability Essay Example for Free

Responsibility not a Sufficient Condition of Liability Essay Introduction Duff = â€Å"responsibility is a necessary but not a sufficient condition of liability† An actor is responsible when they are sufficiently blameworthy in causing the harm or committing the wrong = we blame those who have control over their actions (committing a crime is a mental process) * MR is the guilty mind. Note that it is not necessarily a moral/culpable judgment, and there can be involuntary MR e.g. drugged paedophile in Kingston. * There are many MR states of mind: the sentencing advisory panel stated that there are 4 levels of culpability = intent, recklessness, knowledge, and negligence [in some crimes only negligence is required * Two species of MR Cognitive (involves intention or foresight by D) and Normative (evaluation of D action taking into account surrounding circumstance and D state of mind) * Proof of Cognitive = subjective test (assume state of mind is ascertainable only direct evidence is a confession) – jury ascertain reasonable person but destroy subjectivity * DPP v Smith = D trying to escape from the police in a car was signalled to stop. He did not do so. A PC jumped onto the cars bonnet. D drove at high speed, swerving from side to side, until the officer was thrown off and killed. = CJA S8 – endorses the idea that intention is to be subjectively ascertained Intention Some crimes are only committed intentionally so must distinguish from recklessness e.g. GBH * Direct intent – It was D’s purpose/aim/objective to bring about the AR. Duff = test of failure – would D intend their actions to be a failure * Oblique intent – The AR was a necessary by-product of D committing his offence, although it was not his purpose. * Intent is a subjective concept and must be judged according to what D wanted to happen or foresaw happening (s.8 Criminal Justice Act 1967 = lays down evidential rule as to how intention is to be proved and makes it clear that intention is a subjective state of mind = court or jury must draw inferences from all relevant evidence): * D will intend something if it  was his purpose to bring it about. Similarly, a jury may use as evidence of intention that D foresaw the result of his act as a virtual certainty and it was a virtual certainty. (Woollin, which affirmed the test in Nedrick) * Nedrick = D poured paraffin through C letter box and set light to it. A child died in the fire. The judge directed the jury as follows: If when the accused performed the act of setting fire to the house, he knew that it was highly probable that the act would result in serious bodily injury to somebody inside the house, even though he did not desire it desire to bring that result about he is guilty or murder. â€Å"The jury convicted of murder and the defendant appealed on the grounds of a mis-direction. Held: There was a clear misdirection. The Court of Appeal reviewed the cases of Maloney and Hancock Shankland and formulated a new direction from the two decisions. Lord Lane CJ: the jury should be directed that they are not entitled to infer the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the defendants actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case. * Woolin D threw his crying child at the cot but missed and he hit his head and died. This was the exact opposite of what D intended. Judge misdirected jury by saying that intention could be inferred from D’s realisation of a ‘substantial risk’. = Where the charge is murder and in the rare cases where the simple direction is not enough, the jury should be directed that they are not entitled to find the necessary intention, unless they feel sure that death or serious bodily harm was a virtual certainty (barring some unforeseen intervention) as a result of the defendants actions and that the defendant appreciated that such was the case. The decision is one for the jury to be reached upon a consideration of all the evidence. * Lord Bridge disagrees with the leniency of the Woollin definition. He uses the example of a man who boards a plane to Manchester – the plane’s arrival in Manchester is a virtual certainty and so it should be seen as conclusive pr oof of intent to go there. Woollin is more generous. * Exceptional cases : oblique intention – D has a purpose other than causing the prohibited harm but where that result is an inevitable or likely consequence – in rare cases it is permissible / central problem is that  there are 2 possible interpretations of Woollin * Definitional interpretation = extended definition of intention – if a consequence is foreseen as virtually certain the jury may be told that this amounts to intention * Evidential interpretation = still no definition of intention where a consequence is foreseen as virtually certain this is evidence entitling a court or jury to find intention – jury has discretion * Evidential adopted = Matthews and Alleyn = Ds who had tossed a half dead V off a bridge who they knew couldn’t swim appealed. Claimed the judge misdirected because he equated the knowledge of virtual certainty to proof of intent, not just evidence. Rix LJ couldn’t see the difference. * Adv. of evidential = gives jury flexibility = jury given moral elbow room (get out clause) * R v Steane = D British radio announcer who was living in Germany during WWII. With his family under threat he was forced to broadcast on the radio for the Nazis. After the war charged with doing acts likely to help the enemy with the intent to assist the enemy. If this case was decided today under evidential the jury would have moral elbow room to find there was no intent * RE A (conjoined twins)= lawful for doctors to separate conjoined twins even though would leave to certain death of the weaker twin LJ Walker = allowed himself moral elbow room as doctors would not intend to kill the weaker twin because that was not the purpose or intention of the surgery * Is intention a psychological state of mind or a moral conclusion = the doctor would not be morally responsible for the death * Does intention have same meaning for all crimes Woollin is the latest case so is the authority but only talking about murder – therefore use Nedrick for all other crimes – but no other authority so use Woollin * The Law Commission support codifying the Woollin test in statute. Proposed definition of intention * Chandler v DPP = D opposed to nuclear weapons so planned non-violent action to immobilise an aircraft – under evidential interpretation the jury would be able to evaluate the motives of D but this may largely depend on political persuasion of the jury so generates uncertainty and inconsistency and would also blur the distinction between the elements of an offence and exculpatory defences Pedain – Intent and the Terrorist Example * The terrorist example is used to show flaws in the definition of intent.  It assumes that a terrorist wants to gain attention by planting a bomb in a public place, but giving enough warning that he thinks the place can be evacuated in enough time. It is, but a member of the bomb disposal squad is killed when trying to disarm the bomb. He may not have foreseen this death, and if he didn’t he isn’t guilty of murder. Many see this as unacceptable. * German law involved D recognising and reconciling with himself the risk that he is exposing people to and liability follows. * The other example is the terrorist who does want the bomb to explode but gets caught and then the bomb disposal person dies. He doesn’t intend to kill the bomb disposal expert. But Pedain says this shouldn’t matter – it is still murder. Can we use a ‘type of harm/transferred malice’ argument. Kaveny – Inferring Intention from Foresight * Two opposing views: one recognises that foresight is conceptually different from intention but that a jury may infer one from the other, and the other that foresight is form of intention. * Neither is acceptable because no degree of foresight can be defined as intention, nor can it be the basis of any reliable finding of intention – so neither view is acceptable. * Thus if we are going to allow foresight to be a basis for a murder charge, it has to be built in as a separate mens rea element instead of using Woollin. Recklessness Regarded as sufficiently blameworthy Until October 2003 there were 2 distinct species of recklessness * 1 = Cunningham recklessness a subjective meaning of recklessness was approved (Recklessness entails a conscious running of an unjustifiable risk) * Stephenson = tramp started fire in a straw stack on a farm – charged under criminal damage act but evidence made by psychiatrist that D suffered from schizophrenia so no subjective foresight [under subjectivity the definition of recklessness lies down a double test 1)whether D foresaw the possibility of consequences /2)whether it was unreasonable to take the risk ] * The law commission in the draft criminal law bill 1993 and the draft offences against the person bill 1998 has endorsed subjectivity * 2= Caldwell / Lawrence recklessness [in 1981 the direction of the HoL changed  due to their verdicts in 2 cases dramatically according to the first part of the test of foreseeability of consequences it was now objective] * Caldwell = D had done some work for the owner of a hotel and as a result of quarrel, got drunk and set fire to the hotel, D argued it did not occur to him that there might be people there whose lives might be endangered. None of the 10 guests were harmed Held: Recklessness in the context of Criminal Damage does not require subjective appreciation of the risk of causing damage, but is also satisfied by a failure to consider an obvious risk. HoL held a person is reckless if 1) he does an act which leads to an obvious risk 2) when does an act which either a) gave no thought to the possibility of the consequences b) did recognise consequences [pretty much a test of negligence] The risk need only be obvious in the sense that it would have been obvious to the reasonable man, not to the accused if he or she had stopped to think Elliott v C nor to a person of the age of the accused or sharing the accused’s characteristics R (Stephen Malcolm) ; R v Miller These cases were confirmed and followed in R v Coles * Lawrence = D drove his motorcycle on a 30mph road at about 80mph, and killed a pedestrian who was crossing the road./Lord Diplock = the defendant was in fact driving the vehicle in such a manner as to create an obvious and serious risk †¦ and, second, that in driving in that manner the defendant did so without having given any thought to the possibility of there being any such risk or, having recognised that there was some risk involved, had none the less gone on to take it. * Lacuna (gap) in the law of recklessness as above test does not take into account if D stops to think whether there is a risk and then concludes there is no risk and consequently acts * Avon v Shimmen = D thought he had ruled out the risk of causing damage to a window when he aimed a martial-art-style kick in its direction, basing his view on his faith in his own skill. [the risk must be obvious but to whom a reasonable person or D if they think about it] * Elliott V C = A fourteen-year-old girl who had learning difficulties set fire to shed – use objective test and learning difficulty irrelevant The court accepted that she could not appreciate the risk of the damage, but such a risk would have been obvious to the ordinary person and Caldwell was applied * Current  test for recklessness: D believes his conduct will result in a risk of harm, and that risk is not a reasonable one to take but he takes it (from Cunningham and reaffirmed in G and Another) * Cunningham – D pulled a gas meter off a wall in order to gain illegal access to a house. It caused a gas leak and V was poisoned. No recklessness because risk was not foreseen. * The test is subjective: there can be no liability where there is no risk foreseen. * G and Another – two boys set fire to some papers underneath a bin, which then spread and caused  £1m worth of property damage. They didn’t foresee the risk and so they could not be liable – no recklessness. * HoL = Caldwell was disproved not overruled and Cunningham approved, so D was acquitted as didn’t know the risk involved / Lord Bingham = 1) for serious crimes you need to prove culpable state of mind = not thinking about risk is not blameworthy just stupid / 2) Caldwell leads to obvious unfairness- neither moral or just to convict based on what someone else would have apprehended /3) about 80% of academics, judges and practitioners criticised Caldwell / 4) most importantly Caldwell misinterpreted s1 criminal damages act * Unanimous decision by HoL adopts the Cunningham view that recklessness involves foresight of the possibility of an unjustified risk ‘ but 3 further points * Lord Steyn = â€Å"if a D closes his mind to a risk he must realise that there is a risk† = Booth v Cps = D ran across the road without looking (deliberately put risk out of his mind but was aware) * Lord Bingham = exempted self-induced intoxication * Lord Bingham = restricts his judgment to the meaning of recklessness in the criminal damage act / Lord Rodger = Caldwell may be better suited to some offences than to others e.g. reckless driving * Note that in crimes where we are only concerned with D’s behaviour we may think of recklessness as an AR element – reckless driving. It is possible to intend to drive reckless * Negligence Unlike intention and recklessness, negligence is a totally objective standard – the risk is not a perceived/foreseen one. 2 degrees of negligence Simple negligence = failing to confirm Gross negligence = major departure of reasonable person – manslaughter Whether negligence is a form of MR is debateable, because the literal translation is that of the ‘guilty mind’. Cognitive = negligence is a state of mind, it is a failure to think so a blank state of mind but like saying nothing is something (how can you have a degree of emptiness) Normative = when finding judgments of blameworthiness , state of mind is part of the picture / D actions in the circumstances are subjected to a broader moral assessment = legitimate that negligence is part of MR – sentencing advisory panel also regard If D has special knowledge (e.g. is a firearms expert) then a higher standard will likely be expected of him. This is given statutory expression in RTA 1998 s.2A(3). On the other hand, less knowledge will not grant D any dispensation (e.g. learner driver must drive at same level as qualified driver). â€Å"knew or ought to have known† imposes that objective standard where special knowledge is included but limited is not. R v C – paranoid schizophrenic appealed a conviction on the basis that the judge should have directed the jury to take his mental illness into account. Not so. Negligence is an objective test and mental illness is irrelevant. Sometimes we are willing to lower the standard of care, for example for children – R (RSPCA) v C (25 year old child who failed to take her cat to a vet). Few serious crimes where negligence can generate liability. Manslaughter, causing or allowing a child to die, public nuisance. Manslaughter requires gross negligence. but change in the past 30 years for statutory offences Road Traffic Act 1998 s.3 is a crime of negligence. Other offences where negligence is an element include Sexual offences act 2003 s.9. = no exemption if believed there was consent , need to reasonably believe not honestly believe Are there degrees of negligence? From a mens rea perspective, there cannot be. But there has to be – falling just short of a standard and well below it. This is demonstrated by contrasting but similar offences in RTA 1998 S.2A and S.3. This may be to do with risk to property v risk to people? Contrast with Adomako, the jury must be required to find a degree of ‘badness’, for manslaughter is a serious crime. Perhaps the degree is less  relevant in simple road traffic cases. Should negligence be a ground of liability? Many believe negligence has no place in criminal liability.  The criminal law is viewed as a reaction to moral fault. Whether there is any sort of moral fault involved in negligent conduct is much debateable (Hall). Punishments for negligence do not deter (negligence is inadvertent) and, also, punishments for negligent homicide tend to be quite light anyway. (Hall). Some disagree – Brett points out that drivers become more careful when there is police presence on the road. Hart supported a more subjectivist approach, taking into account mental and physical capabilities [characteristics and capacity should be taken into account] The law commissioner similarly endorsed in relation to gross negligence for the purpose of negligence Hybrid offences = some countries have due diligence laws, which replace strict liability with negligence. D committed the AR, but if he took all reasonable steps to prevent it, he may avoid liability [burden shifts to D to prove they were not negligent e.g. if found with drugs proving you thought it was something else]. English courts have been disinclined to use this method (although Sweet v Parsley looked favourably upon it). Hall suggests limiting insurance protection for those civilly negligent, more vigorous controls of licenses e.g. driving, and education etc.

English Settlers of the Chesapeake Region and New England Essay

English Settlers of the Chesapeake Region and New England Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. As English settlements in North America began to progress, social, economical, and religious ideas divided the English immigrants. The settlers journeyed to North America to meet their individual needs and beliefs. Whether they were fleeing to become wealthy or to escape religious pressures; all of these settlers came attempting to improve their lifestyles. The Chesapeake region and New England settlements proved how two English settlements could have differing societies. English origins seemed to be their only common trait. Life for the earliest Chesapeake settlers was brutal and deadly. Diseases such as malaria, dysentery and typhoid shortened life expectancy, while nearly half of the Virginia and Maryland settlers didn’t live to see their twentieth birthday. This frail Chesapeake region continued a slow growth primarily because a majority of the settlers were â€Å"single men in their late teens to early twenties†(Document C). Because of the overpopulation of men and the scarcity of women, families became sparse. However, despite the harsh beginnings of its society, the Chesapeake region continued to endeavor by acquiring an immunity to diseases and increasing birthrates. The Chesapeake region also held its own economic standards. When 120 men arrived in Jamestown on May 14th,1607 they relied on the hopes of discovering gold. Most of the settlers’ time was devoted to searches for gold instead of the stabilization of their... ...regularly preached in New England schools. They also included a religious attitude towards their economy. â€Å"This court †¦.in the interim recommends (that) all tradesmen and laborers consider the religious end of their callings.(Document E)† The Chesapeake region and New England societies differed mainly because of the ways their settlements were first organized and developed. The Chesapeake region began with a irresponsible development, which led to severe consequences. An overpopulation of men with desires to strike gold, slowed the settlements growth by making gold the only priority. New England, on the other hand, settled as families with family priorities and values. They developed well organized towns with Puritan teachings. Also, New Englanders used practical resources to begin the process of developing their economy.

Globalization: What It Is and How Can We Improve for the Better Essay

You can interpret globalization in any way you want because it is not a word but a way of living, be it bad or good. Where did the term globalization come from and what does it mean for consumers, corporate factories, and workers? How did it affect their lives? Despite all of its different sides, globalization is a good thing but to a certain extent. Globalization is in our world now and we should focus on what we should do to regulate globalization to where we are progressing as a whole and not returning to the dark ages. In order to answer these questions we must ask ourselves what does globalization mean? The dictionary definition of globalization is the act of globalizing, or extending to other or all parts of the world. According to Charles Tilly, ‘globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions, especially when that increase stretches a significant proportion of all interactions across international or intercontinental limits’ (qtd. in Kesselman 2). It also means it is a worldwide integration and development of countries for the benefit of the world. Economic globalization is a little different. According to the dictionary, economic globalization refers to increasing interdependence of and national economies across the world through a rapid increase in inter-border movement of goods, service, technology, and capital. Even though we hear about globalization a lot recently, the term is not new. People have been selling and trading with different nations for thousands of years before the Great War (World War I) broke out; putting it on hold. In fact, globalization has been around for many centuries now. It has just been a pattern ever since man first traded. A new era of globalization started and has continued since the 1980s (Kesselman 4). Many believe globalization to be spread by westerners. Since the new era of trade, the west did have a large part in influencing globalization, many of which were manufactured automobiles or textiles. â€Å"Globalization is often seen as global westernization† (Sen 28). Even though globalization is most commonly viewed as such, it is not entirely an invention of westerners. There has also been a large influence from the easterners too. Globalization can be a good thing. One good reason why globalization is good is because of international trade. Trade has increase and production has increased. Goods and products have been traded internationally around the world. We get bananas, sneakers, and clothes from other countries. When we trade internationally, it helps both sides of the trade. One country gets the profit to help its’ country out and the other gets its product. â€Å"The bottom line then is that†¦trade is beneficial† (Wolf 76). An example of trade that is beneficial: Of the countries of the world, those in East Asia have grown the fastest and done most to reduce poverty. And they have done so, emphatically, via â€Å"globalization.† Their growth has been based on exports—by taking advantage of the global market for exports and by closing the technology gap. It was not just gaps in capital and other resources that separated the developed from the less-developed countries, but difference in knowledge. East Asian countries took advantage of the â€Å"globalization of knowledge† to reduce these disparities. (Stiglitz 87) Another reason why globalization can be a good thing is knowledge and communications. Without the invention of telephone, it was hard to communicate with one another in the United States. Before phones or telegrams, there were carrier pigeons, letters by mail, or person-to-person conversations. Now almost everywhere around the world has some sort of communication; cell phones, internet, video chats, blogs, etc. The internet is also a means to free information. Of course, there are plenty of negative impacts of globalization. The spreading of information and the spreading of factories causing severe side effects that could cause destruction throughout the world and already has. â€Å"As your country puts on the Golden Straitjacket, two things tend to happened: your economy grows and your politics shrinks† (Friedman 61). In other words, once a country plays into the global economy they have to make huge sacrifices. Globalization is driven by investments, trades, and information. With this rapid form of sharing, it has major effects on the environment and cultures along with the people. Some of them are even harsh. â€Å"Flames and smoke swept the cramped textile factory in Baldia Town, a northwestern industrial suburb, creating panic among the hundreds of poorly paid workers who had been making undergarments and plastic tools†¦almost killing 300 workers† (ur-Rehman, Walsh, and Masood 2012). This is one of the many reasons of the negative impacts of globalization. With globalization many corporations only care about production and how fast they can produce it. Many of the factories, like the one in Baldia, had no safety regulations because the factory wanted more production and more money. Instead of using that money to get better safety for the factory, almost 300 people died that day. I believe that globalization is a good with regulations in place. There will need to be a lot of rules and regulations of globalizations like safety and health. I believe in free information and knowledge. It should be free in order for us to go and become a better people. Without these rules, things like Baldia happen. Globalization plays a big part in our lives today. Even if we tried, we would not be able to stop globalization. We can only regulate it. With globalization we can move towards a more peaceful future where we can understand each other. To improve safety and have regulations is a way to improve globalization. This will make it a whole lot better. If the factory in Baldia had better safety regulations and pay, then the outcome of the burning would have been different. There would be 300 people alive today. Despite all of its different sides, globalization is a good thing only when it is kept regulated. Globalization is in our world now and we should focus on what we should do to regulate globalization to where we are progressing as a whole and not going backwards. With all of the bad and the good, only we can make the difference however small that change may be it is still a difference for the better. Actions that will help others are the only way to go and understand one another more. With all of our technology and knowledge, we can solve many of the worlds’ problems if we just were not so greedy. With globalization, we can change the world; hopefully for the better. Works Cited Friedman, Thomas L. â€Å"The Lexus and the Olive Tree.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 59-69. Print. Kesselman, Mark. â€Å"Globalization as Contested Terrain.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 1-13. Print. Sen, Amartya. â€Å"How to Judge Globalism.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 28-36. Print. Stiglitz, Joseph E. â€Å"Globalism’s Discontents.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 86-96. Print. ur-Rehman, Zia, Declan Walsh, and Salman Masood. â€Å"Pakistan Factory Fires Kill More Than 300.† The New York Times – Breaking News, World News & Multimedia. 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 2 Oct. 2012. Webster, Inc. Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary. 11th ed. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 2003. Print. Wolf, Martin. â€Å"Why Globalization Works.† The politics of globalization: a reader. Mark Kesselman. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2007. 74-85. Print.

Was the Great Depression the main reason why the Nazi Party grew between 1929 and 1932?

In my opinion, I believe that the Great Depression was the most significant factor towards the growth of the Nazi Party as this was the time when the Nazi Party grew rapidly from only 12 seats in May 1928 to 107 in September 1930 and became the second largest party in Germany, following after the KPD. This was down to the economic crisis in the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash, which weakened the Weimar Republic by discrediting its policies, consequently making the democratic politics less popular.The government seemed powerless to stop the depression, especially because Stresemann, an influential democratic politician, had died in October 1929. The government knew that they couldn’t print any more money due to the hyperinflation back in 1923 so Chancellors, Muller and Bruning, raised taxes, cut wages and reduced unemployment benefit. However this resulted in the unemployment rate continuing to rise to 6 million by early 1933.The German economy was extremely vulnerable at th is point, as they had lost their short-term foreign loans so beggars, bootlace sellers and match sellers preoccupied the streets of Berlin and the government became the ‘scapegoat’ for these economic disasters. There was now less support for the Weimar Republic than ever before and middle class democratic parties associated with the Republic declined and people turned to extremist alternatives such as the Nazis, which led to a rapid increase in votes. Therefore, it is clear to see that the Great Depression was the main reason why the Nazi Party grew between 1929 and 1932.Furthermore, Nazi Propaganda is less important than the Great Depression towards the growth of the Party but also had a large part to play as Goebbels’s propaganda techniques marked a new approach in electioneering. The Nazis used ‘up to date’ technology such as loudspeakers, which were placed in every workplace and public area to ensure that everyone heard the Nazi’s views an d cheap radios made sure the Nazis could gain votes from distant areas such as East Prussia without even having to travel there.They also began to use modern vehicles like cars and aeroplanes, not only for the practical purpose of transporting Hitler quickly between places, but also to project a contemporary statesman-like image. This form of propaganda was particularly used in the Presidential campaign of 1932 where Hitler came second after the re-elected Hindenburg. The Nazis also showed their mastery of propaganda by using mass rallies to create an atmosphere so emotional that all members of the audience would have to give in to them.These concert-like events included uniforms, torches, music and flags to intensify the effect. One of the Nazis most well known methods of propaganda was their slogans, both vague and direct, for example, â€Å"to make Germany great again† which appealed to everyone and anyone or â€Å"blood and soil† which was directed purposely at far mers, persuading them that the Nazis really cared for them and would try their hardest to improve their facilities.Ultimately, Nazi Propaganda was necessary for the acquisition of power by Hitler and the growth of the Party, however by itself it was not enough in view of the Nazi Party’s failure to achieve and absolute majority. In addition, the Sturmabteilung, otherwise known as the SA, storm troopers of brown shirts, were also of crucial importance to the increase in Nazi votes as they were used at mass rallies to provide an image of strength to attract anti-communists voters and at the same time, intimidated political opposition and even the government as they held a well deserved reputation for thuggery.By 1932 the SA had become a large force of 300,000 and by early 1933 the only alternative to Nazi-inspired civil war appeared to be Hitler becoming Chancellor. Therefore, the SA was one of the main reasons for the growth of the Nazi Party, although it was not the most impo rtant. Finally, the growth of the Nazi party would have never happened without the vital role played by the fear of Communism.Ordinary Germans, particularly businessmen and farmers, were frightened of the Communists taking over in their own country. Communists didn't believe in religion, so this worried churchgoers too. From the start, Hitler said he would fight Communism and he sent his own private army, the SA, to fight with Communists hence by 1932, persistent street violence between the extremists of left and right was taking hold in cities and in the month of July 1932 alone, 86 people were killed as a result of these political fights.Hitler gained much support from the middle and upper classes, which included businessmen, landowners, and factory owners and so on because he promised to deal with the Communist threat. Therefore, it is clear to see that this factor played a major role in the Nazi Party’s growth however, in my opinion, it is the least important out of the f our factors that I have stated. In conclusion, none of these factors can be viewed in isolation and the Nazi Party wouldn’t have grown as much as it did without the combination of all of these factors as they link together.In many ways, although the Great Depression is the most important factor, the growth of the Nazis would never have happened without the other three factors, especially the use of Goebbels’s propaganda techniques, as these aided the Nazis into becoming better known so people could turn to them as extremist alternatives to the middle class democratic parties associated with the Weimar Republic after the Depression.Also, without the help of the SA and the fear of communism, the German population may have turned to other parties instead of the Nazis. Another link is that the fear of communism helped set up the importance of the SA as their violent actions towards the communists showed their strength to appeal to anti-communist voters and began to intimid ate the Nazi’s challengers. Therefore, ultimately all the reasons are closely connected and without each other, thing may have turned out very differently for Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.

spit of the CSFR essays

spit of the CSFR essays What do you think was the main cause in the split in the CSFR? Could the split have been avoided? CSFR was divided into two separate independent countries: The Czech Republic and Slovak Republic on 1.1.1993. This split was caused because of three reasons: historical, political and economical. Below I will try to discuss all of those reasons. We should first say what federation is: its a common state which consists of two or more equal nations. And word equal is most important for Czechoslovakia and its problems. Firstly, we should think about historical reasons. In history of Czechs and Slovaks we could see that those two countries were never actually together in one state. Under the Austria-Hungary, Czechs were more under Austrians and Slovaks under Hungarians. But we should start from the beginning. During the tenth century there was the Great Moravia, which included Slovakia and Moravia. Later they conquered Czech, too, but only for 100 years. Then the Great Moravia under the pressure of Hungarians and Franks diminished. After then the Czech state emerged and in 11th century Moravia joined. After this time Czechs and Slovaks never had their own state until establishment of CSR in 1918. Even under the Austria-Hungary, Czech state was more advanced then Slovakia. Czech had about 75% of all industrial output of Austria-Hungary and Slovakia was mostly agricultural. That was one of the most important aspects in the future of CS(S)R. During the revolution in 1848-9, Czech political representation called upon rearrangement of Austria-Hungary into a liberal-constitutional state, which would ensure free development to all nations including Slavs. But the revolution was a failure and soon after new pressure on Czechs and Slovaks emerged. The Czech and Slovak political representatives estimated that a new ruler of Austria-Hungary will be more generous to Slavic nations. But year 1914 changed everything. The throne successor F...

Animal Euthanasia in Zoos

Animal Euthanasia in Zoos While zoos in the United States favor contraception as a means of keeping their resident populations under control, other zoos around the world take a different approach: euthanasia. Dave Morgan, chairman of the Population Management Committee at the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums explained to the New York Times that international guidelines on the ethics of breeding zoo animals are sketchy. Apparently, since ethics and philosophies are so diverse among countries of the world, its tough to make blanket regulations. For instance, both the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria and the African Association of Zoos and Aquaria generally consider routine euthanasia a viable management and breeding strategy, while the Central Zoo Authority of India has recommended that euthanasia of zoo animals may be carried out only in the specific circumstances when any animal is in such an agony or pain that it is cruel to keep him alive. How Euthanasia Is Used for Population Control Zoos that favor euthanasia over contraception generally allow animals to mate naturally and permit mothers to raise their young until an age at which the family groups would instinctively separate in the wild. At that point, zoo officials employ lethal injection to kill young animals that exceed the zoos carrying capacity, dont fit into breeding plans, and are unwanted by other zoos. In the spring of 2012, the Copenhagen Zoo euthanized a pair of leopard cubs who were approaching two years of age as part of their breeding management plan. Each year, the zoo puts approximately 25 healthy animals to death, including chimpanzees, whose similarities to humans make opponents of euthanasia particularly squeamish. Arguments in Favor of Euthanasia Contraception (pills, implants, injections) can pose health risks to animals.Euthanasia allows animals the natural experience of bearing young and parenting.Terry Maple, the former director of Zoo Atlanta and co-editor of Ethics on the Ark, knows of no definitive research that assesses the importance of raising young to animals health, but he has said that observation indicates that most zoo animals are motivated and protective parents that play frequently with offspring.Euthanasia imitates animals survival in the wild, where high percentages of young die early in life as a result of predation, starvation or injury.According to longtime zookeeper and curator Peter Dickinson, There is nothing wrong in killing an animal if it is done quickly and with forethought and kindness. When animals are euthanized for the correct reasons, then it is morally right and justified. The uninformed will often level accusations of being heartless and not caring when precisely the opposite is true. Good zoos with managed populations can see the bigger picture †¦ it is the species which is being managed and not individuals. Arguments Against Euthanasia Opponents of euthanasia suspect that the killing of adolescent animals is a convenient way for zoos to maintain a continual supply of their cutest inhabitants (babies), which draw crowds and generate more money.Contraception is a more humane way to limit populations while allowing animal family groups to coexist naturally.Cheryl Asa, director of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Wildlife Contraception Center at the St. Louis Zoo, does not believe that euthanasia is a feasible option for zoos in the United States. On an emotional level, I cant imagine doing it, and I cant imagine our culture accepting it, she said.Worldwide breeding networks and genetic planning can be used to avoid a surplus of offspring while still ensuring that many animals breed and raise offspring, claims Terry Maple, former director of Zoo Atlanta and co-editor of Ethics on the Ark. I am not saying management euthanasia is wrong. It is just not the best solution.Killing animals in zoos because they dont figu re into breeding plans is not euthanasia, its zoothanasia, and is a most disturbing and inhumane practice. Using the word euthanasia seems to sanitize the killing at least for some people and makes it more acceptable. While one might argue that many, if not all, animals in zoos suffer, killing animals who arent needed isnt mercy killing; its really a form of premeditated killing, argues Marc Bekoff, Professor Emeritus of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

Econometrics Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Econometrics - Speech or Presentation Example The coefficient estimate (ÃŽ ²2 = 0.37) suggests that there will be 37% increase in growth if the geographical location of a nation goes up by at least one units. Negative coefficients such as ÃŽ ²3 being -0.62 suggest a decrease in growth by 62% if we increase countries residing in Asia to the model by 1 unit. On a similar note, ÃŽ ²4 of -1.00 suggests a decrease in growth by 100% if we increase the number of countries residing in Africa by one unit. Finally, and ÃŽ ²5 of -0.25 suggests that there will be a decrease, of up to 25%, income per capita if we increase countries residing in other parts of the world. The current model, as it is in the equation, cannot bring out the different effect on income per capita that is brought about by variable DAfrica,i and DOther,i. this because the independent variables DAsia, and Dother, will automatically be correlated as Asia is part of the rest of the world. Therefore, we will have two variable that describe a similar effect on growth. A fall by up to 62 percent is realized as a result of a decline of one unit on the income per capita of the Asian countries. Conversely, the income per capita will decline by up to 100 percent if there is an increase of a single unit on the countries in Africa. Intrinsically, there is a foresighted mean drop on the income per capita of 48 percent in the two continents. Adopting raw score instead of absolute score will cause the estimate of Lati smaller than that of Ri. This is from the fact that the two independent variables employing dissimilar measuring units. There will be a reduction of the second model for the R2 and standard error. and that heteroscedasticity was a concern in model 1 in table 1, then model 1 would not have a constant error variance. As such, to test whether heteroscedasticity is present in model 1 (table 1) or not, the test hypothesis would be such

Health Promotion Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Health Promotion - Research Paper Example Moreover, the consideration of the change programs and the various initiatives implemented to reduce these factors in a health promotion program. The health belief model (HBM) was developed in the 1950s by some social psychologists to explain why some individuals do not use health services such as screening and immunization. The theory has advanced to address newer concerns in detection and prevention (for instance influenza vaccines and mammography screening) as well as lifestyle mannerisms such as injury prevention and risk behaviors associated with sexual tendencies (Noar, Chabot & Zimmerman, 2008). The HBM hypothesizes that individuals beliefs on whether or not they are at risk for a health problem or disease, and their acumens on the benefits of taking action to avoid the risk, influences their willingness to take action. For instance, if an individual feels that their lifestyle may lead to diseases such as obesity, or diabetes, they may take the necessary actions such as eating healthier foods or becoming physically active to prevent those risks from occurring. The key concepts of the theory are: perceived severity and susceptibility, perceived benefits obtained from the action, perceived barriers to the action, cues to action and self-efficacy. HBM is often applied to asymptomatic and prevention-related health concerns such as the early detection of cancer and hypertension screening where opinions are as important as or more important than obvious symptoms. It is also relevant to interventions to lessen risk factors for cardiovascular disease. According to the theory therefore, people indulge in health programs only if the perceived risks and problems are severe. They then stop the health programs once the risks have reduced. The Trans-theoretical model (TTM) was developed from studies of the processes of change in psychotherapy and smoking cessation (De Vries & Mudde2008). The

Project Risk and Procurement Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project Risk and Procurement Management - Essay Example The study investigates global catalogue facility in IBM that supports strategies aimed at offering IBM innovative catalogue solution for indirect purchases while supporting all teams in need of catalogue functionality. Issue at hand Procurement teams face challenges as well as opportunities from the increased competition, accelerated globalization and growth of services as essential differentiators in the marketplace, it is essential for organizations have to reassess their prevailing strategy and constantly validate its efficiency based on current and expected future business environment. At the core of IBM’s integrated supply chain is its global procurement’s value coming from its people and technologies that secure goods as well as service in support of internal partners and external clients in development and delivery of quality products and offerings (Williams, Lueg & LeMay 2008). IBM’s global supply chain involves a large number of suppliers is used to addr ess every product and service offering the company produces. Devising supply chain of this dimension and complexity while attaining end-to-end perceptibility and total incorporation is not a small task. Collaboration with suppliers and business partners remains crucial for the company in today’s business because it enables communication in the supply chain and ensures that suppliers are agile and responsive. Currently, the company’s supply chain is complex and functions much like a multi-point network configuration with movement of goods, processes and communications essential to the network (Baraldi 2008). Concept of supply chain management Supply chain management in the past few decades became extremely essential to companies operating in the competitive global marketplace. Although there are many definitions on the concept of supply chain, supply chain entails the context in which goods, services and information flow from the supplier to the end user; however, in re cent past supply chain expanded to include flow in the opposite direction. Therefore, supply chain management entail effective and efficient supervision of the supply chain and relationships between parties taking place in the chain. The significance of supply chain management is often associated with benefits it offers to organizations in the chain because it offer benefits like decreased costs, boosts revenue, increases satisfaction in customers and improves delivery and product or service quality. The benefits arise from various factors associated with supply chain management like information sharing, coordination and the resulting synergies between organizations (Baltacioglu, Ada, Kaplan, Yurt & Kaplan 2007). Moreover, through supply chain management, market data needs can efficiently be monitored and changing consumer needs and demands can easily be accessed and satisfied through proper production processes. As well, providing the right products and services at the right time a nd location offers customer satisfaction, and this potentially increases sales and revenue. Supply chain is essential considering that in the current global market it is impossible

Juvenile justice system Essay Example for Free

Juvenile justice system Essay Researchers and psychologists have list of typical behaviors that are exhibited by juvenile delinquents. The list also includes traits that experts referred to as indicators or predictors of delinquency. Typically, violent school children are engaged in unhealthy activities such as smoking, drinking, and drug use and of early sexual activities. They also have very poor academic performance. Researches say that violent school children are typically irresponsible in the sense that they lack the sense of accountability as they tend to blame others for their behaviors. They are often resort to vandalism, uncooperative, no sense of loyalty and are poor team players (Case, Travis). Violent children also develop anti-social behavior which makes him feared by other children as his tendency of hurting others is at high rate. There are however been several measures adapted and implemented by both schools and the government to attend to this problem in cooperation with the parents. One famous experiment made was the Linking the Interests of Families and Teachers (LIFT) Program which have actually been recognized by the American Psychological Association (APA) (Stoolmiller, Mike et. al. ) Researchers conducted the experiment in 12 elementary schools in a metropolitan area with about 200,000 student population. Participants totaled 671 students in 32 classrooms. The researchers concluded that the implementation of such intervention program had greatly reduced the aggressive behaviors of the participants but the long-term effects are still under follow-up studies. In the research made by another group, 800 Seattle school children were exposed to similar intervention program. Hawkins Social Development Research Group gave parents special training course in interactive teaching, classroom monitoring, cooperative learning, and proactive disciplinary skills to prevent problems from arising. Their training also included positive reinforcement and risk reduction of alcohol and drug use. On the other hand, children were taught impulse control, how to get what they want without aggressive behavior, and how to recognize the feelings of other people. The program was however concluded as a failure since it did not have significant effect in altering negative behaviors. â€Å"It did not have a major impact on reducing the proportion of students who had tried cigarettes or drugs at age 18† (Schwarz, Joel 1999). In the early 19th century, there are already efforts made to reduce juvenile delinquency by making school attendance compulsory. This social control for juvenile delinquency also required that all children be sent to school and so all children should be pulled-out from the workplace (Feld, Barry 1999). Despite this, researchers especially psychologists still find it the most effective and efficient means of reducing juvenile delinquency for parents and elders to set themselves as excellent role models of moral uprightness. 2. What are some of the key principles of the juvenile justice system that distinguish it from the criminal justice system? What can be done to ensure that these principles are protected so the juvenile justice system remains distinct from the adult system? While criminal justice system aimed at punishing the criminal offender, 1the juvenile justice system primarily aimed at the rehabilitation and reintegration of the juvenile offender into society. In this regard, an independent juvenile justice system is required to be established. A legal scholar argues that these principles are measures to adjust to the less developed cognitive ability and still developing social skills of the youth (Zimring, Franklin 1998, page 69). Zimring argues that youth offenders should have â€Å"diminished responsibility† relative to their offenses as compared with adult offenders. He explained that this was based on the grounds that youth actually do not yet have the well-developed ability to decide on things relative to real-life decisions because there are not yet mature enough to understand the real course of life. Because of immaturity and the skill of self-control, Zimring argues that this may have been a major contributor to an adolescent committing crime. Peer pressure among youth is also of great influence to juvenile delinquency. As Zimring puts it, the immediate pressure of peers is the real motive for most teenage crime. Peer pressure is one thing that youth lack the capacity to withstand and this might have been the answer to the research findings that majority of the youth offenders do not repeat their offenses after they have reached maturity. The age of the offender is a primary consideration in the juvenile justice system aside from the serious consideration of the offender’s circumstances. The Human Rights Commission of the United Nations asserts that juvenile justice system should 2ensure that decisions on the cases of youth offenders should be solely for the best interest of the child and that such decisions should ensure that the offender shall have his due worth and dignity be highly considered. In order to ensure that these principles are protected, the UN’s Human Rights Commission requires that the justice system for youths â€Å"be established with especially trained staff. † It is also recommended by the same body that youth offenders should be separately detained with that of the adults (The Beijing Rules, 1985). Since these children are expected to be immature in terms of cognitive and social aspects of their lives, they should be treated accordingly. This is the main purpose why the justice system’s personnel should be well-trained parallel to the needs of the youth offenders. Coordination with specialized institutions, particularly those whose aims are relative to strengthening and developing the moral and spiritual aspects of these children will be of great help. This way, the children will also have the assurance that they will be taken care of instead of being punished. The American Prosecutors Research Institute suggests a more comprehensive and balanced principles that are to be implemented in the operations of the juvenile justice system. They suggest that the system should implement community protection, offender accountability and competency development (Harp, Caren , November 2002). Harp argues that when these three modern principles are strictly implemented, the justice system for youth offenders have the assurance that it will â€Å"operate in the best interest of the child and the community. † It is important for children to pay the price of their actions in order for them to learn and develop the sense of accountability or responsibility (The Denver Post, August 30, 2007). They are arrested and detained to segregate them from the community for a time until they learn to act responsibly. They are to be under custody to let them know that immaturity is never an excuse for being accountable. While in custody, it is important that they spend such time in engaging with activities that will develop their personality because juvenile offenders are more importantly to be educated than to be incarcerated (Allah, Dasun, The Village Voice, 2002). This is what Harp is pointing to as competency development through competency-enhancing work which is needed to ensure that these offenders will still the chance of living a better life after they are released from rehabilitation. 3. Discuss the most important advantages to community treatment for juvenile offenders. Has community corrections (probation, juvenile intensive probation supervision, electronic monitoring) generally been successful? Explain. The Hamilton County of Indiana has enumerated some benefits that can be derived from the implementation of community corrections. First the offender will be able to learn the sense of accountability since he has to serve in prison as his punishment for his delinquent actions. In consideration of the children’s immaturity, community corrections ensures that the offender be able to realize the importance of learning how to handle himself and his actions in order not to hurt anyone anymore. Through community corrections the public is ensured of its safety since offenders are to be held under close and strict monitoring or supervision. Since competency and skills development programs and activities are integrated in the community corrections, offenders will have the chance to make things right while there is still time. This way their families and the community are benefited both ways in the sense that offenders, after being treated in the corrections, will likely be going out to leave a far better life compared to his past. Since the system staff is expected to be especially trained in attending to the needs of the juvenile offenders, these children will have the better chance of improving their own personalities. In the community corrections, offenders feel more enthusiastic and have high self-esteem since they are being treated with special attention to their personal emotional needs. Community corrections programs spare offenders many of the negative effects of incarceration (Howard Society of Alberta, 1998). Offenders are treated not as criminals who are supposed to be punished rather they are there to be educated with life lessons especially to learn the sense of accountability. With community corrections, offenders are not segregated from the community as criminals since educational and competency programs are implemented in order to prepare them to face the challenges of life after their release. Employment opportunities are open for those who are graduates of community corrections. Such facilities are also cheaper than prison maintenance so government is able to save much money for running prison bars. REFERENCES 1 Juvenile Justice. Juvenile Justice Canada. February 06, 2006. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. amnesty. ca/themes/resources/children/juvenile_justice_background. pdf 2Human Rights Commission. United Nations. United Nations Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (The Riyadh Guidelines). Adopted and proclaimed by General Assembly resolution 45/112 of 14 December 1990. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. unhchr. ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp47. htm Allah, Dasun. Incarcerate or Educate? The Village Voice. February 27-March 05, 2002. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://www. villagevoice. com/news/0209,allah,32636,5. html Bright, Martin. Youth Prison Not Safe For Children. The Observer. May 19, 2002. Retrieved on September 04, 2007 from http://www. vachss. com/help_text/archive/youth_prison_uk. html Case, Travis. Identifying Characteristics of Juvenile Delinquents. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://www. traviscase. org/Teens/CharacteristicsJD. html Feld, Barry C. (1999). Bad kids. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 17-57 Hamilton County Indiana. Benefits of Community Corrections. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://www. co. hamilton. in. us/services. asp? id=5019entity=2102 Harp, Caren. Bringing Balance to Juvenile Justice. The American Prosecutors Research Institute. November 2002. Retrieved on September 05, 2007 from http://ndaa. org/publications/apri/juvenile_justice_monograph_nov_2002. html John Howard Society of Alberta (1998). Community Corrections. Retrieved On September 06, 2007 from http://www. johnhoward. ab. ca/PUB/C29. htm#effec Mason, Timothy. The Characteristics of Delinquents. Retrieved on Septeber 05, 2007 from http://www. timothyjpmason. com/WebPages/Deviance/Deviance4. htm Scwarz, Joel. High school students violent behavior, drinking, sexual activity drops, and school performance rises from elementary school interventions. March 14 1999. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://uwnews. washington. edu/ni/article. asp? articleID=1553 Stoolmiller Mike et. al. Treating Violent and Aggressive Children. Retrieved on September 06, 2007 from http://www. selfhelpmagazine. com/articles/child_behavior/treatviolent. html Zimring, Franklin E. (1998). American youth violence. New York: Oxford University Press. Pp. 69-83

The Federal Budget Essay -- United States Government Taxes Essays

The Federal Budget The federal budget is known as the infamous monetary tank from which money is distributed to various programs. Why does the federal budget plan cause such uproar of approval or disapproval when it is proposed by the President every February? The money utilized every fiscal year, which runs from October 1st of each year until the end of September of the following year, belongs to the people. The money is raised through income taxes, excise taxes (taxes on goods) and social insurance payroll taxes. Presently, the public is worried about how they will receive a fair share of money appropriations in such a slow economy. The federal deficit has returned, which means that the government’s spending exceeds its raised revenues. The federal budget is an exercise in making choices, and these choices will inevitably make a dramatic impact on individuals living in the U.S. Historical View The present federal budget can be characterized by one word: deficit spending. It has been a way of life for the federal government since World War II. The last times that federal budget expenses were brought into balance with revenues were in 2000, 1998, 1969, and 1960. Prior to 1940, the federal budget was balanced, except in years of war and economic recession. There are many theories to the causes of persistent federal budget deficits during the last forty years. Many experts believe the cause of the current deficit originates in policy mistakes of the 1980s, such as the reduction in taxes and increase in defense spending. Others believe that the American public is demanding more in government benefits than it is willing to pay for in taxes. However, the complex budget... ... are more connected to their constituents. Conservatives argue that even the federal government should be held accountable for spending. In particular, government programs must be held to strict standards and accountability whether the balance is balanced or not. Works Cited Cogan, John F. â€Å"Federal Budget.† The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 05 Oct. 2003 . Crapo, Mike. â€Å"Federal Budget.† Mike Crapo: United States Senator: Fast Facts. 06 Oct. 2003 . â€Å"Overview: The Issue at a Glance.† Public Agenda. 05 Oct.03 agenda.org/issues/overview.cfm?issue type=federal budget>. â€Å"The Perspectives in Detail.† Public Agenda. 05 Oct.2003 The Federal Budget Essay -- United States Government Taxes Essays The Federal Budget The federal budget is known as the infamous monetary tank from which money is distributed to various programs. Why does the federal budget plan cause such uproar of approval or disapproval when it is proposed by the President every February? The money utilized every fiscal year, which runs from October 1st of each year until the end of September of the following year, belongs to the people. The money is raised through income taxes, excise taxes (taxes on goods) and social insurance payroll taxes. Presently, the public is worried about how they will receive a fair share of money appropriations in such a slow economy. The federal deficit has returned, which means that the government’s spending exceeds its raised revenues. The federal budget is an exercise in making choices, and these choices will inevitably make a dramatic impact on individuals living in the U.S. Historical View The present federal budget can be characterized by one word: deficit spending. It has been a way of life for the federal government since World War II. The last times that federal budget expenses were brought into balance with revenues were in 2000, 1998, 1969, and 1960. Prior to 1940, the federal budget was balanced, except in years of war and economic recession. There are many theories to the causes of persistent federal budget deficits during the last forty years. Many experts believe the cause of the current deficit originates in policy mistakes of the 1980s, such as the reduction in taxes and increase in defense spending. Others believe that the American public is demanding more in government benefits than it is willing to pay for in taxes. However, the complex budget... ... are more connected to their constituents. Conservatives argue that even the federal government should be held accountable for spending. In particular, government programs must be held to strict standards and accountability whether the balance is balanced or not. Works Cited Cogan, John F. â€Å"Federal Budget.† The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. 05 Oct. 2003 . Crapo, Mike. â€Å"Federal Budget.† Mike Crapo: United States Senator: Fast Facts. 06 Oct. 2003 . â€Å"Overview: The Issue at a Glance.† Public Agenda. 05 Oct.03 agenda.org/issues/overview.cfm?issue type=federal budget>. â€Å"The Perspectives in Detail.† Public Agenda. 05 Oct.2003

“A Conversation with My Father” by Grace Paley

Grace Paley combined several elements and devices in her short story â€Å"A Conversation with My Father†. The most striking themes in this short story are abandonment and family relationships.In this new story, the daughter is describing facts, whereas the father wants a more complete description, full of details. Following this, we see that the daughter prefers to be optimistic, while the father prefers reality.This is illustrated by the following quotes: â€Å"No, Pa, it could really happen that way, it’s a funny world nowadays†, and to this, the father replies â€Å"No†¦ Truth first. She will slide back.† Her story describes the life of a mother and her son, and how she becomes a junkie to remain close to her son, who has become a junkie. In the end, the son quits the drugs world, but the mother cannot.Her son leaves her, introducing the element of abandonment in the story. This theme is pursued further, but in between lines. For example, the son left his mother at a critical time, when she needed him most, whereas the narrator stayed with her dad, even in his dying days.The father does not believe that the woman in his daughter’s story is strong enough and that even though she manages to quit doing drugs, she will fall back. I would tend to agree with him, because a lot of substance abusers, who quit, eventually, fall back. Her story is too optimistic, with a sense of denial for the tragedy.As the story ends, the father says â€Å"Tragedy! You too. When will you look it in the face?† Again, here we wonder whether the tragedy refers to the mother/son situation, or the fact that he will be dying soon. Earlier on, the father had said â€Å"what a tragedy. The end of a person.†And again, here the daughter refuses to accept that this is the end†¦whether it is the end of the mother or her father. This all relates to hope. When she started her story, she was determined to have hope in her story, to demons trate that â€Å"everyone†¦deserves the open destiny of life.† I find it ironical, as she tries her best to present the story with an open end, with plenty of hope. However, when she read the story, her father says that it does not communicate hope.It’s the â€Å"end†. On a lighter tone, there is another obvious pair of ironical sentence. The father says â€Å"Doesn’t anyone have the time to run down to City Hall before they jump into bed† and to this his daughter replies â€Å"In real life, yes. But in my stories, no.† I find this ironical, as nowadays the opposite is true.Today, in real life, people jump to bed and then get married, or never get married. This is a contrast between then and now, and how the people, as well as literature, have changed.

Portable Players Essay

The innovation set by the Walkman has lead to the creation of different portable media for music listening. This paved the way for the consumers to forever change the way they listen to music (Bellis 1). In fact, the Walkman is considered to be the main catalyst which prompted many companies to re-invent their products to become handy and mobile. Previously, music and news were only confined in big mechanical boxes sitting inside a living room. No one ever imagined that a bulky listening device can actually be turned into something which will fit right into one’s pocket. The Walkman, with an offshoot of portable CD players, has greatly modified the way people establish their lifestyles. The establishments of portable media players, especially those which can play music, have increased a form of mobility for consumers. Practically, it is very obvious that people are now freer to work on other matters even while listening to their favorite tunes. For most cases, this can equate to greater productivity values in day to day activities. Moreover, having a portable listening device such as a CD player makes one’s feelings more invigorated. This can deliberately affect his outlook towards the tasks he is going to do. Aside from that, it is very likely that the convenience of having a portable media player can increase the ability of a person to interact with other people. On a personal note, the presence of portable listening devices is actually a two-faceted situation. On the positive side, people now have the option to bring along the music wherever they go and whenever they may demand for it. Portable media have truly become one convenient way to integrate an entertainment platform defying the limits of previous generations of bulky and impractical music devices. This enriches a person’s point of view because of the fact that he can actually make his life enjoyable by listening to his favorite music anytime. On the other side however, having portable media can actually spell some drastic effects towards an individuals’ personality especially when the use of such devices become uncontrollable. One reason why mobile music players have a positive effect to a person’s social life is the fact that they can satisfy the personal needs of people. For example, if one needs to relax a bit out of the daily routine work, then a simple click and popping of headsets to the ears would sustain a change in mood for the better (Weinberger 1). However, it is also possible that such person, with the right addiction level towards music, may forget that he is still actually a part of the greater social structure. It is very possible that he will tend to interact less and less with other people, become unproductive at work or even modify an attitude towards obsession. Add to that the fact that portable music players pose a certain degree of health risks. Personal stereo systems may actually induce hear loss with extended use according to Canada’s Minister of Health. Even the Media Awareness Network is concerned about having music which promotes racism, discrimination and violence which makes it more available to portable players. Technology is one of the main factors for the development of human society. But sometimes, there are also some consequences that it may induce for people to change their outlook in life, personal feelings and overall philosophy. In such a case, it is important that each person has the capacity to limit himself towards becoming a slave for technological advancement in which social interaction perspectives maybe compromised. As of the moment, the portable music players are still doing its job to satisfy the entertainment hunger of the people. It is only a matter of personal evaluation to help an individual look beyond the excitement of having a mobile music treasure box and see other consequences it may bring. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. â€Å"Sony Walkman. † About. com. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Health Canada, â€Å"It’s Your Health. † Minister of Health. 2006. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. 27 Feb 2008 . Media Awareness, â€Å"Inappropriate Content in Music. † Media Awareness Network. 2008. 27 Feb 2008 . Weinberger, Norman. â€Å"Musica Research Notes. † Musica. uci. edu. 1996. 27 Feb 2008 .